Sindh Valley Civilization معرفی و نقد

خلاصه ماشینی:

From the late 19th century to the present day, European and Eastern archaeologists have shown that in the third millennium BC, in two large cities, Mohenjo-daro 1 or Moenjodaro in Larkana State 2, in present-day Pakistan, and Harappa 3 beside the Ravi River 4 in Multan State, Punjab, in Pakistan, a brilliant civilization existed that gradually had a great influence on that entire region and other parts of India, for example, in the Doab plain, meaning the two rivers Ganges and Jamuna, and in the large city of Kaushambi 5. The lower layers of the pre-Harappan period have similarities with older cultures whose foundation is the agriculture of Balochistan, and in later layers, pottery has been obtained that reaches the early Harappan settlements of the Indus Valley. 3 Religion Stuart Piggott, a prominent archaeologist, writes: "With the discovery of the Harappan culture, it has been found that many elements of medieval and modern Hinduism, for which no trace could be found from Aryan sources, are actually clarified in older religious rites, and we know this as an inference. These have been considered the causes of the decline of this civilization: climate incompatibility, malaria mosquitoes, racial corruption, floods, the decline of trade with Mesopotamia, the advancement of the Rajputana desert, the changing course of the Indus - which led to drought in Mohenjo-daro - the excessive consumption of forests and trees for brickmaking, the thinning of cultivated lands, problems with irrigation and city water supply, and finally, the invasion of the Aryans into the Indus Valley, and things like these.