چکیده:
One of the cultural and technical achievements of mankind in arid regions is the extraction of groundwater through Qanats. According to some thinkers, this method of production is not only an Iranian innovation but, as Fischer stated, 80 percent of the activities of the people of Iran are based on the exploitation of groundwater, of which the Qanat plays a significant role. In Balochistan, the Qanat is also considered the main factor in the formation of human settlements, and agriculture is heavily dependent on it. This study, based on field studies in an area called Hechan, located in the Nik Shahr county of Balochistan, showed that the way Qanats are exploited in this region differs greatly from other parts of the country: 1. The length of the Qanat is short, not exceeding 3 kilometers. 2. Due to the location and mountainous nature of the area, small, sometimes seasonal and local rivers are effective in recharging the Qanat. 3. Southeast Iran, including the study area, is under the influence of the Indian Ocean monsoon systems and enjoys summer rainfall. Consequently, water distribution systems operate in connection with the monsoon systems. In such a way that whenever the region faces summer rainfall, due to the flow of surface waters and their utilization, there is no significant need for Qanat water distribution. Therefore, in wetter years, especially during rainy summers, the cultivated area increases by 50 percent and the crop yield increases up to 3 times. The rotation cycle in Hechan is 5 days. For the first four days, water distribution is carried out on a six-to-one basis, and the last day (the fifth), called Maldari 1, is on an eight-to-one basis. Water distribution in Hechan is performed based on 'Tas' (cup), and each cup is 15 minutes. In each of the eight-to-one or six-to-one lands, the distribution unit is based on 'Zar' (equivalent to meters). Every Zar of water in eight-to-one lands is three Tas, and in six-to-one lands, it is 4 Tas. During the day, a solar indicator with a height of 50 centimeters is used for water distribution. At 7 AM, when the shadow length reaches 70 centimeters, the use of the solar indicator begins. Until 9 PM, it is divided into 6 parts. Water distribution during the night is carried out by the Mirab based on the area of the farms.
خلاصه ماشینی:
This study, which is based on field studies in an area called Heichan, located in the Nik Shahr county of Baluchistan, showed that the way qanats are exploited in this region differs greatly from other parts of the country: 1.
In such a way that whenever the region faces summer rainfall, due to the flow of surface waters and their utilization, there is not much need for the distribution of qanat water.
Keywords: qanat, water distribution, summer rainfall, climate, climatic culture, Baluchistan, Iran.
Many studies conducted on the qanats of the interior regions of Iran show that qanat water distribution is carried out based on water rights shares and the level of ownership of the qanat.
However, in the mountainous regions of Iran, qanats and their traditional water distribution methods have been less studied.
Specific climatic characteristics and the shortage of agricultural land in the region have caused the qanats to have less fine and highly precise water distributions compared to the interior regions of Iran.
Figure 4: Solar indicator used for qanat water distribution in Heichan village (17).
Consequently, there is no water distribution in the region's qanats, and these water distribution methods have only emerged during periods of drought and water shortage, especially in the very hot months of the year, namely Khordad and Tir. Crop Production and Summer Atmospheric Precipitation By comparing areas that benefit from some form of summer rainfall blessing, we conclude that the main center of summer rainfall is located within the Nik Shahr area (especially Heichan) (Figure 6), where the maximum summer rainfall is 28 mm.
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