چکیده:
One of the controversial topics in all jurisprudential eras, especially in the present time, is the discussion of apostasy. The principle of non-compulsion in religion and the extensive emphasis of the Holy Quran on reflecting upon the horizons and the self on one hand, and the severity of the punishment for an apostate on the other hand, have created a suspicion of contradiction. In this writing, to accurately explain the locus of dispute, the author distinguishes between doubt, which is the premise of every investigation, and obstinacy or denial of religion out of enmity or anti-religious and anti-national conspiracy. By examining the theories of jurists, the practice of Muslims, and the narrations regarding doubt and ambiguity in religion through a comparative approach—with a look at various Islamic schools of thought and the practices of different Islamic rulers regarding this issue—the author concludes that doubt and ambiguity in religion, which are premises for certainty, do not fall under the definition of apostasy.
خلاصه ماشینی:
2. Disbelief is attributed at the time when one denies God and the Messenger of Allah and expresses it; therefore, as long as one does not make denial apparent, they are not a kafir; similar to the hypocrites who are judged as Muslims outwardly; thus, it becomes clear that there is a difference between the outward ruling and the actual reality, and until the denial of necessities is realized externally, the ruling of apostasy is not applied, even if the person is actually an apostate.
Scholars' Opinions Regarding Doubt and Ambiguity View of Allamah al-Hilli Allamah al-Hilli says: If we hold that believing in the existence or non-existence of something in religion, or opposing a consensus (ijma') ruling, causes apostasy, then we must say that many scholars are apostates; whereas these very individuals are considered great religious figures in subsequent generations.
All the mentioned narrations and jurisprudential theories indicate that the ruling of apostasy is issued against someone who, firstly, has knowledge of the principles and foundations of the religion and its necessity, and secondly, wishes to deny it out of free will and intention for certain reasons; therefore, someone who is in the process of researching and searching to establish faith and belief is never an apostate if they experience doubt, and the rulings of apostasy are not imposed upon them.
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