خلاصه ماشینی:
The expansion of Islam outside the frontiers of Arabia during the caliphate of Abu-Bakr and specially during the caliphate of 'Umar gave a fillip to the literacy campaign, as governors, generals, accountants, secretaries, jurists and Qur'an teachers were in great demand.
Educational- circles which had been started at al-Madinah, Maccah, at-Taif, Sana', and al-Bahrayn during the time of the Prophet further developed and new ones were established by the Companions either under orders from 'Umar or on their own initiative at .
In the second half of his caliphate 'Umar appoint• ed a senior Companion, Abu-Musa al-Ash'ari, governor of al-Basrah, where over fifty thousand Arabs drawn from all parts of Arabia were domiciled.
Correct reading of the Qur'an, explanation of its difficult expressions, narration of the religious and public acts of the Prophet and tendering of legal judgments formed the curricula of these circles.
" · There is ample evidence to show that the Prophet as well as the first four Caliphs liked good poetry.
We can group it under the following heads: (r) Those which related to the religious practices of the Prophet; (2) those which related to the interpretation of the difficult or obscure expressions of the Qur'an; (3) those which related to good and bad, the desirable and the undesirable; (4) those which related to his life in general, his career, his (IS) History of the Arabs by Philip Hitti, London, p.
When the Companions went to settle down at new Arab colonies outside Arabia, he asked them not to• distract people there from the Qur'an by narrating the Hadith to.