خلاصه ماشینی:
An additional facilitating factor in Muslim urbanization was Islam's legislative norms tailored to fit the needs of a commercial community, with its disparagment of the religiously lukewarm Bedouins, its corresponding high valuation of the transition to the sedentary life, and, above all, with its substitution of religious affiliation for kinship as the rationale for social organization.
3 Ibn Khaldun, a 14th centurysocial thinker and Muslim historian, in his monumental study of medieval Muslim civilization4 maintained that the most important factor in the rise and growth of Muslim urbanization was the substitution of religious affiliation for kinship as the rationale for social organization.
The social solidarity based on religion is the most powerful force in the creation of civilized culture which is centred around the life in cities.
7 · Thus the social solidarity based on religion was one of the most effective instruments for the rise and development of urbanization in Islam.
Although the social solidarity based on religion was instrumental in the establishment of Muslim cities, yet their continuous growth and maintenance depended upon the "power" of the state or dynasty.
Tribal loyalties and affiliations continued to influence the ecological and 'social structure of the Islamic city.
9 Another form of social organization which developed in the Muslim: cities of the Middle East, and is still found in most of them, was the neigh• bourhood or "quarter.
" · The most important organizing force of social life in the Muslim city was religion.
Social class distinctions in Muslim cities were primarily based on religion and kinship, and only secondarily on wealth.