خلاصه ماشینی:
FROM PARTICULARISM TO UNITY: RACE, NATIONALITY AND MINORITIES IN THE EARLY ISLAMIC EMPIRE S in the early Middle Ages, the Near East is gaining an importance of immediate impact for the western world.
II MUI:IAMMAD'S POLITICAL MISSION Mu'AKHAT-UMMAT AL-ISLAM-STATUTE OF MEDiNAH Thus, in spite· of the prevailing particularism of tribal organization, the trend towards unification is clearly discernible in the social life of Arabia m the decades before Muhammad, Although Muhammad was inspired in (or actuated in) his career by a religious impulse, this latent desire exerted an influence upon his mind.
The word · ummah in these verses takes on the meaning of '' religious community , " since at that early time Muhammad did not yet think in political terms and had not yet seceded from his native group.
The secession of a number of tribes from the Musl m group with its centre in Medlnah was not, as the Muslim interpreters mantained from an early time, a retrogression (riddah) from the religious tenets of Islam, but a political attempt of independent, freedom-aspiring tribes to re-assert their particular tribal interests.
The ability of the Muslim group to fight and defeat them shows the strength of the foundation for an Islamic state laid by Muhammad ; it proves furthermore - that his creation was the logical out• growth of tendencies leading to union in Arabia.
New converts to Islam of non-Arab descent had to be affiliated as mawali with an Arab tribe; only in this way were they recognized as members of the predominantly Arabic Muslim community.