Abstract:
هدف: هدف پژوهش حاضر، احصای سازوکارهای تغییر رفتار عموم در نگاه اسلامی با تکیه بر آرای شهید مطهری است.روش: جهتگیری پژوهش، بنیادین و بهلحاظ نوع روش، کیفی و بهشیوه توصیفی اکتشافی است. جامعه پژوهش، تمامی آثار شهید مطهری اعم از کتابها، یادداشتها، صوتها بود. دادهها بهروش کتابخانهای و اسنادی گردآوری شد. برای تجزیه و تحلیل دادهها نیز، از روش تحلیل مضمون در نرمافزار مکسکیودا استفاده شد.یافتهها: تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات، به استخراج 128 کد در قالب 6 مضمون فراگیر، 17 مضمون سازماندهنده و 42 مضمون پایه منجر شد. بر اساس یافتههای پژوهش، در نهایت سازوکارهای تغییر رفتار ذیل چهار عامل دستهبندی شد که عبارتاند از: 1. فردی شامل متقاعدسازی منطقی، تسهیل و تقویت عقلانیت و آموزش و آگاهیبخشی (ساحت بینشی)؛ مدیریت احساسات و بهکارگیری مشوقها (ساحت گرایشی) و امکانپذیرکردن و ایجاد عادت (ساحت کنشی)؛ 2. اجتماعی شامل بهکارگیری خواص و گروههای مرجع، الگوسازی، استفاده از هنجارهای اجتماعی، انجام جمعی عمل و اثر همنشینی؛ 3. ساختاری نهادی شامل ابزار اقتدار و قاعدهگذاری؛ 4. محیطی شامل نمادسازی و مانعزدایی.نتیجهگیری: حکومت اسلامی جهت تغییر رفتار، ابتدا باید فرایند آگاهیبخشی و اقناعی را طی کند؛ سپس بایستی شرایط خارجی را بهنحوی طراحی نماید که افراد بتوانند رفتار مدنظر را به سهولت انجام دهند. در این راستا، بینشهای رفتاری و ابزار تلنگر در دو عرصه میتوانند به سیاستگذاران حکومت اسلامی کمک کنند: 1. عرضه اثربخش سیاستهای دولت: بینشهای رفتاری کمک میکند که یک خطمشی برای مردم راحتتر، فهمپذیرتر، جذابتر و پذیرفتنیتر به نظر رسد؛ 2. بسترسازی سلبی و ایجابی برای انجام رفتار: ابزارهای تلنگر و بینشهای رفتاری سبب میشوند که بافت و ساختار و محیط بیرونی بهنحوی طراحی شوند که احتمال بروز رفتار مدنظر سیاستگذاران افزایش یابد.
ObjectiveChanging people's behavior over time has been one of the main concerns of policymakers. In this regard, governments have used rational and behavioral approaches. In the rational approach and based on complete rationality, governments use tools such as education, law, taxation, encouragement and punishment, etc; however, in the last two decades and after the formation of knowledge of behavioral economics, governments have used tools such as arousing emotions, using social norms, strengthening motivation, creating commitment, contextualization, etc. in different contexts. The behavioral approach, which relies on nudge and choice architecture to change behavior, has been able to attract the attention of many governments due to its high effectiveness and low costs. The purpose of the current research is to provide the mechanisms of changing public behavior in Islam and to find out about its perspective on changing public behavior based on the opinions of Martyr Motahari.MethodsThe literature reviewed in the present study included all the works of Shahid Motahhari, including books, notes, and audio files. This is library and documentary research, which applies the thematic analysis method, using the MaxQDA software.ResultsData analysis led to the extraction of 128 codes categorized into six comprehensive themes, 17 organizing themes, and 42 basic themes. Based on the findings of the research, the mechanisms of behavior change include (1) Individual factors i.e. logical persuasion, facilitating and strengthening rationality and education and awareness (the cognitive component), managing emotions, using incentives (tendency component), and enabling and creating habits (action component); (2) social factors i.e: using reference properties and groups, modeling, social norms, the collective performance of the action, and the effect of companionship; (3) institutional structural factors i.e. authority tools and rule-making; and (4) environmental factors i.e. symbolization and barrier removal. These findings show that Islam has a comprehensive view of behavior change and has presented various mechanisms in all human dimensions, including cognition, tendency, and action, and also in all individual, social, environmental, and structural levels. This view is due to Islam's view of human development as a balanced elevation of all human dimensions in a complete way. Therefore, the characteristic of the "holistic view" is one of the differences between the Islamic view and the western view regarding behavior change.ConclusionIn order to change people's behavior, the Islamic government must first go through the process of awareness and persuasion and raise the level of people's insight regarding the necessity and performance of a behavior. Then he should design the external conditions in such a way that people can easily perform the desired behavior. In this regard, behavioral insights and nudge tools can help Islamic government policymakers in two areas: (1) effective presentation of government policies: behavioral insights lead to a policy that is easier and more understandable for people to look more attractive and acceptable; (2) Negative and positive foundation for performing behavior i.e. nudge tools and behavioral insights cause the texture and structure and external environment to be designed in such a way that the probability of occurrence of the desired behavior of policymakers increases.