Abstract:
Data and information play a special role in the transparency of water governance. On the other hand, witnessing contradictions in water resources data and information, inconsistent readings and narratives about water assets, outdated hardware equipment, and to some extent software enhancement in the preparation and presentation of water resources information compared to global advances, necessitates a serious review of water resources data collection and processing systems. In this regard, artificial intelligence methods, sensors, and remote sensing technologies are considered in accurate water resources accounting. This article is a systematic review of about 100 international articles that present the latest findings related to software and hardware equipment for monitoring hydrological cycle meta-indicators. These meta-indicators include precipitation, water depth/water level/flow velocity and discharge of rivers, and groundwater level. In each case, while providing a list of the most important technologies, the application level of these technologies in monitoring surface and groundwater resources in Iran was evaluated. The conducted studies prove the unfavorable application technologies in monitoring hydrological cycle in Iran. For example, out of a total of twenty-six known technologies related to surface flow measurements, only two technologies have been widely used Iran; four technologies have reached the knowledge frontier and widespread production by domestic knowledge-based companies, and eleven technologies have not yet reached the knowledge frontier Iran. In this paper, suggestions were presented to outline the path for developing new technologies for water cycle data collection and transformation in the modernization of Iran's water resources data collection and data processing infrastructure.
Machine summary:
Subsequently, the relative status of the country compared to international experiences in measuring and monitoring water cycle components (precipitation, surface water bodies, and groundwater resources) in three sections—hardware, software, and analysis of the current situation—is evaluated, and necessary recommendations for planning, technology development, and investment within the implementation horizon of the Iranian Islamic progress model are provided.
Through this article and the aforementioned report, the latest software and hardware methods for monitoring hydrological cycle components, including precipitation, water depth / water surface / velocity and discharge of river flows, and monitoring groundwater level, have been presented.
Software technologies and groundwater modeling As stated in the section on measurement and monitoring of surface flow components and water bodies, numerical models can serve as important and powerful tools in linking remote sensing observations to the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of groundwater or desired conditions and their long-term estimation [36].
To become aware of the current situation and reach the desired conditions for the application of new and smart technologies in measuring and monitoring water resource components in the hydrological cycle, the assessment of the status of applying new hardware and software technologies for collecting precipitation and surface flow data, along with the presentation of research and development solutions and the possibility of domestic production and localization by knowledge-based companies and science and technology parks, is presented in Tables 2 and 3, respectively.
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