Abstract:
examining the meaning of imperative propositions is one of the topics related to rhetoric (semantics). as a result of this study, it is possible to follow the orientation of poets' thoughts and interests on various topics; because usually the initial interpretation of imperative propositions is imperative and order, while poets consider different meanings and intentions of imperative propositions, and this issue is more important in hafez's poems due to the analytical-inferential structure of imperative sentences; a topic that unfortunately has not been well explored. therefore, in this article, hafez's imperative propositions in the first 250 lyric poems of hafez's divan have been studied by content analysis method (descriptive-analytical approach) and finally it has been determined that in the first 250 lyric poems of hafez divan (equivalent to 2098 bits), in 724 verses,there are imperative sentences (554 beits have a positive imperative and 170 beits have a negative imperative) and hafez is a great imperativeer from this point of view.of these, the frequency of imperative sentences with the meanings of desire and guidance is high, and perhaps this is one of the reasons for fortune telling with divan hafez.in more than 35% of these poems, the construction of compound imperative sentence-analytic / inferential sentences is used, in such a way that the reader, after reading those imperative sentences, is mentally convinced and forgets the bitterness of the advice. in this article, hafez's imperative sentences are also examined based on the type of speaker, audience and demand, and in all cases, an attempt is made to find a connection between hafez's personal style and its results.
Machine summary:
Thus, the imperative sentences of the first 250 Ghazals of Hafez's Divan (Ghani-Qazvini version) were first extracted, and then those sentences were categorized based on secondary purposes; in each category, the "speaker", "addressee", and "type of request" were also often kept in mind, and finally, an attempt was made to establish a connection between these results and Hafez's style.
Mahyar and Afzalirad, in the imperative sentences of Saadi's Ghazals, have found 32 secondary purposes, including desire, guidance, entreaty, encouragement, expression of distress, request, regret, declaration of allegiance, exaggeration, blame, warning, expression of joy, honoring the addressee, expression of boredom, complaint, satire, humility, submission, threat, choice, expression of opposition, contempt, wonder, permission, expressing one's own inability, prohibition, prayer, boasting, news, emphasis, equalization, and incapacitation (Mahyar and Afzalirad, 1393: 123-136).
In this article, 23 secondary purposes have been found in the imperative sentences of Hafez's Ghazals, twelve of which pertain to positive imperative sentences: request and desire, guidance and direction, prayer, encouragement and motivation, wonder, incapacitation, equalization (choice) and permission, threat, contempt and mockery, entreaty, permission and allowance, and indirect command.
In the section under study from the Divan of Hafez, the command in the sense of taswiyah appears in one verse: هرکه خواهد گو بيا و هرچه خواهد گو بگـو کبر و ناز و حاجب و دربان بدين درگـاه نيسـت (Ghazal 71, v 7) Imperative sentences in the sense of threat This meaning is obtained from imperative sentences when the speaker wants to warn the addressee about performing a certain action through an imperative sentence, and even threaten him regarding what consequences await him if he performs that action.
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