Abstract:
This article will discuss the concept of “situation requirement” in Ma’ani, and explain its implications for classical and modern rhetoricians by analyzing the extent and limitations of the concept of situation in their ideas. This study aims to create a dialogue between linguistic thoughts of modern and classical rhetoricians by considering the metatextual elements in regard to the concept of situation. In doing so, this research asks: what are the elements of “situation” in Ma’ani? Is it possible to compare “situation requirement” to the pragmatic approaches in linguistics? The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and after expressing the views of the classical and modern rhetoricians about “situation requirement", it is concluded that the difference in their approach to the metatextual elements of speech is due to two reasons: considering the situation before speech and the rhetorical and aesthetic functions of situation in Ma’ani.
Machine summary:
The method of this research is descriptive-analytical, and after stating the views of classical and modern rhetoricians regarding Muqtada al-Hal, it concludes that the different approach of rhetoricians in paying attention to the extra-textual elements of speech is due to two reasons: attention to the situation before speaking and its rhetorical and aesthetic function in the science of Ma'ani.
Regarding this subject, articles such as "The Science of Ma'ani and Hallidayan Functional Grammar" by Fatemeh Salehi, "The Position of Observing Muqtada al-Hal and the Audience in Traditional and Modern Literary Theories" by Akbar Sayyadkooh, "Hermeneutics, Meanings and Expression, Discourse Analysis" by Parvaneh Fakhamzadeh, "Rhetoric of the Audience and Dialogue with the Text" by Taqi Pournamdarian, "Hal and Maqam in the Knowledge of Rhetoric" by Hojjat Rasouli, and "Revisiting the Foundations of the Science of Ma'ani and a Critique of its Common Interpretations" by Mohammadreza Amini, and "A Review of Muqtada al-Hal" by Hamid Taheri have been compiled.
By carefully examining the earliest works written in the codification of the principles and foundations of the science of Ma'ani, we find that hal and maqam, without restriction or limitation, were used generally as a criterion for avoiding error in expressing the purpose, and they have the capacity to include all elements that create the situation governing the speech; although the dominant trend in rhetorical works written in the explanation and summary of primary texts, as well as in later research, is to confine muqtada al-hal to the level of knowledge, intelligence, and acumen of the audience.
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