Abstract:
Oil is one of the most important environmental pollutants which is mostly transported across the sea. The marine environment is always at risk of contamination. Given the incidents that occurred during recent years، global society gradually developed and approved international instruments to address the issue of offshore oil pollution liability and compensation for relevant damages. At the same time، some instruments are approved which require compliance with the standards whether in transport or on ships and their agents and try to prevent accidents or collaborate to mitigate the harmful effects. In this paper، in addition to the classification and introduction of international instruments in this field، it has been tried to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of these instruments and compare them. The 1969 Convention on Civil Liability is extremely important in this regard because many of the instruments that have been approved after this date while maintaining its principles are more to complete its shortcomings.
Machine summary:
Given the accidents of recent years, the international community has gradually prepared and approved international documents to determine the issue of "liability arising from oil pollution" at sea and the method of compensating for the damages incurred.
While studying the evolutionary course of existing regulations on liability, compensation, and prevention, the most important documents and conventions in this field are examined to determine which documents exist within the scope of compensation, liability, and the prevention of damage caused by oil pollution from ships, although sometimes a long time has passed since the approval of these documents.
In fact, when this international system for compensating damages caused by oil pollution was implemented in 1978 (the year the Fund Convention became mandatory), another event known as the Amoco Cadiz incident led to an oil spill and demonstrated that the existing mechanisms could not possess the necessary efficiency.
In addition to the above definitions, reference can be made to the International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage from Ship Fuel Oil (Bunker), to which Iran has also joined since the year 89 (2010).
4) Definition of damages resulting from oil pollution In Article 1 of the Civil Liability Convention, pollution damage is defined as loss or damage caused by pollution from ships and also reasonable measures taken to prevent or minimize such damage.
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