Abstract:
Saadi’ s point of view about the establishment of a desirable society specially the role of the government and its members have been the center of attention in “Gulistan”، and “Bustan”. the topic has been addressed in the first chapter of these two books. Among the ten chapters of Bustan، the first chapter “On Justice، council and administration of government” was selected for the analysis of the governmental discourse because many stories and anecdotes mentioned in this chapter are about the administration of government and social relationships while in the other eight chapters just a few number of stories address government and relations between the essential elements of the society. The data gathered (stories in the first chapter of Bustan) is analyzed based on a critical discourse analysis approach. Among the critical discourse analysis theories، the methodology introduced by Norman Fairclough is chosen according to which the analysis of the three dimensions of text، discourse and society is based on Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar. The results of this research can be summarized as follows: Although Saadi’s Bustan is considered a book written to support the government of that time، and it’s not an anti-government text، Saadi’s point of view towards the government which is accompanied by the emphasis on the welfare of the poor، and the development of the country is very interesting. This can be perceived by considering both the discourse analysis data and the social conditions of that era.
Machine summary:
Keywords: Bostan, Saadi, Discourse Analysis, Government, Halliday Introduction Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is a modern approach in literary studies that examines the text in connection with its situational, cultural, social, political, and historical contexts, and considers meaning to be a product of cultural and social conditions.
Theoretical Foundations: Critical Discourse Analysis with Norman Fairclough's Approach Some linguists consider discourse analysis to be the study of the function or structure of the sentence and the discovery and description of its relationships, which does not only pay attention to the grammatical and lexical elements of the sentence but also goes beyond that, dealing with factors outside the text, such as situational, cultural, social context, and so on (Fairclough, 1387: 10).
/ Figure 1- Diagram of the evaluation of character processes in the first chapter of Bostan Based on Figure (1), Saadi cautiously considers all classes of society to be contributors to positive or negative actions, and each group commits positive or negative acts according to the level of ability they have in performing tasks.
This difference shows that Saadi introduces the members of the government system positively and, in fact, strives to guide them toward a positive direction; whereas in material verses, which hold the second rank in governmental actions by a difference of only one verse, the number of negative verses is greater than positive ones, and this classification is rooted in the difference between the performance of this class and their original function.
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