Abstract:
Sometimes due to the fault of another، a "person" losses the chance to obtain the benefit or avoid the future loss، so that the mere loss of chance is considered as direct damage and not to compensate this such chance has a corrupt consequence and is against fairness، then increases the other acts of guilt in which its compensation cause to avoid such acts. The loss of chance is discussed in both matters of civil liability and contractual affairs; each of them (civil and contractual liability) can apply as avoiding the loss or obtaining the benefit. This is not yet clear in Islamic jurisprudence and domestic law. Of course in Islamic jurisprudence by accepting the loss compensation due to indisputable loss of profits and make a risk، this theory has been applied to some sort. In objective law this responsibility is accepted in contracts such as Bailment of a Capital، Reward and Article 6 of civil responsibility law، but it cannot obtain a rule in the. The main question of this research is that whether the damage caused by the lost chance is irreparable or not? The hypothesis of this research appears that the opportunity death of obtaining benefit or avoid the loss cause the responsibility. The findings of this research show the responsibility of the lost chance and opportunity including civil responsibility in a strict sense on one hand، and the other hand it includes contract responsibility. So it is obvious that fundaments of each of these responsibilities should be compensated for the fulfillment capabilities، otherwise، there is so doubt in non compensation of such loss due to not come to pass the fundaments of these two responsibilities.
Machine summary:
In this respect, despite decades of research, psychologists and sociologists have limited understanding regarding how values influence the shaping and guidance of human behaviors, especially political orientation (Bardi and Schwartz, 2003).
In this regard, many empirical studies have been conducted regarding the relationship between political orientation and individuals' personality traits, approaches, and social factors 1 (Cohen, Vigoda and Samorly, 2001).
First, in this research, Schwartz's value structure theory is used to identify some of the factors influencing the political orientations of citizens' fundamentalism / reformism.
It is worth mentioning that although various studies have been conducted regarding the typology of political attitude and culture (Taghizadeh Imani, 1390), the social distribution of political attitudes (Heidari, 1388), the influence of political knowledge and attitude on political behavior (Naqibzadeh, 1382), the discourse of fundamentalism in foreign policy (Dehqani, 1386), the pathology of reformist discourse (Akhavan Kazemi, 1388) and so on, no independent research has been conducted that deals with the investigation of the influence of social and value factors on the political orientation of citizens, which doubles the importance of conducting this research.
Caprara and his colleagues (2006) also report that the political orientation of voters who voted for the left wing in the 2001 Italian elections was mainly determined based on the values of universalism, benevolence, and self-direction; however, those who place more importance on the values of security, power, conformity, tradition, and achievement tended to vote more for right-wing groups.
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