Abstract:
Coinciding with the rise of Nader Shah Afshar in Iran (12th Hijri century/18th century AD), the Persian Gulf held special importance. European East India companies (England, Holland, and France) as well as Iran's neighbors (Ottoman and Oman), who had previously activated their political and commercial activities with Iran in the Persian Gulf region, were also actively pursuing their goals in the Persian Gulf during this period. Since the Persian Gulf was of interest to the European East India companies and its neighbors from political and commercial perspectives, Nader Shah also recognized the importance of this sea. In order to prevent the political and military influence of the Ottoman Empire and Oman in the Persian Gulf and its adjacent lands, to return the land of Oman to Iran (as in the Safavid era), and on the other hand, to make the commercial trade of the Persian Gulf—which was mostly in the hands of European East India companies—beneficial for Iran, and finally, to force the East India companies to form an Iranian naval fleet, he focused his foreign relations more on the Persian Gulf than any other region. This article attempts to address the reflection of the importance of the Persian Gulf in the foreign relations of Iran during the Naderi era by providing an overview of the ups and downs of political and commercial relations. In this regard, Nader Shah's commercial, political, and military balance with the European East India companies and neighboring countries in the Persian Gulf region, and the causes and factors of Iran's success or failure in its foreign relations through this sea, have been examined.
Machine summary:
In contrast, obtaining lost privileges from the Safavid era, compensating for the damages suffered during the usurping rule of the Afghans, recovering the money lent to Shah Sultan Hossein, and exemption from customs duties in Bandar Abbas, were the most important privileges that the East India trading companies were striving to achieve (Lockhart, 1975: 82).
Nadir Shah also, in dealing with the Asian neighbors of the Persian Gulf region, such as the Ottoman Empire and Oman, in addition to commercial issues, was forced into military conflicts to preserve Iran against Ottoman aggression and the re-conquest of Oman; as this territory, before him, was considered part of the Iranian realm during the Safavid period.
It should be remembered that the most important reason for Nadir accepting peace with Ahmad Pasha and withdrawing from Baghdad was the turbulent situation in Iran at the ports of the Persian Gulf; because at this time, Mohammad Khan Baloch, the ruler of Kohgiluyeh, rose in rebellion and was able to occupy all the coasts of the Persian Gulf from Bandar Abbas to the land of Khuzestan and the important province of Fars, centered in Shiraz.
In this regard, Nader Shah's commercial, political, and military balance with the European East India companies and neighboring countries in the Persian Gulf region, as well as the causes and factors of Iran's success or failure in its foreign relations through this sea, are examined.
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