Abstract:
In studies conducted by motor control researchers so far, hand movements in drawing and writing have been considered from various aspects. The main goal of the present research is to re-examine the laws proposed by Goodenough and Levin, which are based on the hierarchical theory of movement control. To this end, 103 participants in the study were placed into five age groups (including four groups of children and one group of adults). All participants in the study were right-handed. Fifteen designs were presented to each participant. Each participant had sufficient opportunity to draw each design. Simultaneously with the participants' drawing, the examiner recorded the hand movement path and the sequence of their pen strokes. Then, the designs that were correctly drawn according to the original shapes were analyzed in terms of the laws included in the model. Of the seven principles proposed in the model as hand movement laws, the first two principles related to selecting the starting point of movement, the next two principles related to the sequence of pen strokes, and the last three principles related to selecting the direction of movement in the continuation of drawing shapes. The results of testing the research hypotheses indicated the existence of a significant difference between the observed frequency and the expected frequency in selecting the direction of movement and the movement path in the four age groups of children and the adult group at the 0.01 level, which indicates the inconsistency of the results with the principles included in the Goodenough and Levin model. Also, in the adult group regarding the selection of the starting point and direction of movement in drawing, by selecting it in a motor task, the results related to the calculation of the Kendall correlation coefficient equal to 0.62 showed a positive correlation in the execution of the two tasks. The overall summary of the results shows that the pattern of hand movement is under the influence of various factors, including the apparent difference of signs, the direction of writing (from left to right or from right to left or even from top to bottom), and the drawn shapes.
Machine summary:
To examine the relationship between the hand movement pattern of the adult group subjects in drawing shapes with the selection of direction and movement path in performing a motor task, the results related to the calculation of the correlation coefficient using the Tau-Kendall method indicate the existence of a significant relationship (equal to 0.
26) in the hand movement pattern in both tasks; accordingly, the results related to the testing of the research hypotheses summarized the following items: 1-In selecting the starting point for drawing shapes (starting movement from the leftmost end - starting from the highest part of the shape - starting with a vertical line), in all age groups, the observed frequency compared to the expected frequency was significant at the 0.
10 level; in other words, Persian-speaking subjects do not follow the first three principles regarding the selection of the starting point of movement in the Goodnow and Levine model; 2-Based on the results shown in Figure 3, in selecting the starting point for drawing shapes with vertices (starting movement from the top), in all age groups, the observed frequency compared to the expected frequency was significant at the 0.
10 level; in other words, Persian-speaking subjects do not follow law number six in selecting the starting point of movement; 5-In selecting continuous lines in drawing shapes (the tendency to keep the pen on the paper and execute the movement continuously) in all age groups, the observed frequency compared to the expected frequency was significant at the 0.
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