Types and Patterns of Utopian Literature in Classical Literature Journal Article

Machine summary:

3-Literary Utopia Utopian ideas—whether rooted in myth and philosophy or in religious and mystical beliefs—sometimes lead to the creation of story-like works in the field of literature, whose content is the encounter of a traveler whom fate has placed on the path of viewing an ideal city. In classical Persian literature, the most prominent story that displays the characteristics of a literary utopia is the description of an ideal city that is narrated during the imaginary or fictional travels of Alexander, in most prose and poetic Alexander Romances, and in some commentaries—from the Quranic story of Dhul-Qarnayn. This Nakaja Abad, in the works of Suhrawardi, has many manifestations and names; among these mystical utopias are "Jabalaqa" and "Jabarsa" (or "Jabalsa"), which are located in the "world of abstract spirits" and the "eighth realm," serving as two symbolic cities in the east and west of the imaginal geography are Suhrawardi's, and in some books it is stated that they are located behind the mythical mountain "Qaf" (the same Alborz of ancient Iran) (Sajjadi, 3831: 972). However, in the classic description of literary utopias, in all global examples, the following general characteristics are common, which form the dominant structure of these works: 1- Journey: In all these works, there is a traveler and seeker who has either been looking to reach this city or finds themselves before this ideal city by chance.