Linguistics: The Origin of Contemporary Standard Literary Persian Vocabulary Journal Article

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Keywords: Persian language, Standard Persian, Middle Persian, Parthian, Sogdian, Bactrian, loanwords in Persian, Turkic, Mongolian, Istanbul Turkish, Russian, French, English. The reason for this is that in the middle of the Sasanian period, Middle Persian gradually moved from Ctesiphon or Madain, the capital of Iran, to Khorasan along with the scribes and soldiers, and gradually replaced the Pahlavi language, which today is called "Parthian" to distinguish it. With the rise of Iranian dynasties in Khorasan and Transoxiana in the third and fourth centuries AH, the language of this region, namely Dari Persian, became the official language of courts and the language of literary and scientific texts, and from there, it gradually spread to other parts of Iran. This opened the way for French words to enter the Persian language; initially, most new scientific terms in writings were in French, but some specialists began converting them into Arabic terms. During this period, a number of Russian words became obsolete, and their places were gradually taken by their French equivalents, such as "chapeau" instead of "shabga", "siman" instead of "cement", and "automobile" instead of "mashin", although "mashin" is still a common word in spoken language. Thus, in 1314 (1935), an organization named "Farhangestan-e Iran" (Academy of Iran) was established, of which Foroughi and a number of famous scientists of that time were members, and they took charge of creating new words in opposition to old scientific terms (mainly French and some Arabic and Turkish words).