Machine summary:
There were three important developments in the nineteenth century of relevance to the course and pattern of Western involvement in the Arab World: the rise of a modern state in Egypt inspired by Western techniques and ideals as represented by revolutionary France; the emergence of a puri• tanical Muslim revivalist ideology in the Arabian peninsula which pointed out the feasibility ofa general Islamic awakening; and the eruption of sectar• ian warfare in Lebanon and Syria which focused attention on the rivalistic interests and aims of the two European powers and paved the way for the · rise of particular and conflicting ideologies.
Yet as ideas began to take on socio-political forms, two definite trends emerg~d a nationalistic secular movement sired bv Vv estern ideals and purposmg the revitalization of the Arab World by combining nationalism and constitu• tiona lism, reformism and revolutionary activism and a non-secular Islamic revivalist movement aiming at preserving the solidarity of the Muslim World under the Ottoman calipha 1 authority in the face of an aggressive \,V est.
With the motto "Syria for the Syrians and the Syrians constitute a single nation"; the party evolved the most elaborate and highly articulated ideology known to any organization in the Arab World.
» Unlike Syria, all political parties existing in Iraq during the first decade of the mandate were not concerned with the Arab nationalist ideology, being involved almost exclusively in their narrow in tern al conflict.