چکیده:
چیستیِ بست یا انسداد چاکنایی در زبان فارسی همواره محل بحث و اختلاف نظر بودهاست؛ برخی آن را جزءِ واجهای زبان فارسی میدانند و برخی آن را واج به شمار نمیآورند. پژوهش پیشِ رو کوششی برای برطرف نمودن این اختلافِ نظرها و ابهامهاست. با این هدف، بست چاکنایی در واژهها و بافتهای گوناگون سبک رسمیِ زبان فارسی بررسی شد و فرایندهای واجی و محدودیتهای تأثیرگذار بر رخداد و عدم رخداد این همخوان در واژهها و بافتهای گوناگون ارائه گردید. روش این مقاله توصیفی- تحلیلی در چارچوب نظریۀ بهینگی (پرینس و اسمولنسکی، 2004 /1993) است. البته پیش از ورود به تحلیلهای نظریۀ بهینگی مراحل اشتقاق این فرایندها و تعامل آنها با هم بررسی شد. نتایج کلی این پژوهش نشان میدهد که بست چاکنایی فقط بهعنوان تلفظِ دو نویسۀ «همزه» (ء) و «ع» در وامواژههای عربیِ واج به شمار میرود. این همخوان در بقیۀ موارد آواست و وظیفۀ آن پُرکردن آغازۀ هجا در ابتدا و میان واژه است.
Extended abstract 1. Introduction The nature and identity of glottal stop in Persian has always been a subject of much controversy; some scholars consider it a phoneme while some others do not believe that it is a phoneme in Persian. This research is an attempt to resolve this controversy. 2. Theoretical framework This paper applies Optimality Theory (OT) (Prince and Smolensky, 1993/2004) in analyzing its data. Optimality theory is one of the most significant developments in generative grammar. The first detailed exposition of the theory appears in Prince and Smolensky's (1993/2004) book, entitled ‘Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar’. Its goal is to explain the phonology of languages only by using a set of universal constraints. No phonological rule is being applied in its analyses because they generally explained the language-specific phenomena. In contrast, constraints in OT are not merely solutions to language-specific problems; they are claims about Universal Grammar (UG) seeking to explain phonological phenomena universally. Furthermore, there is no interaction between rules and constraints, i.e., OT is not a mixed theory. The principles of SPE phonology (Chomsky & Halle, 1968) namely rules and serial derivations between underlying representation (UR) and phonetic representation (PR) have been abandoned by OT; however, UR and PR which are renamed as input and output respectively, are being assumed in the classical sense. There are two types of constraints: markedness constraints and faithfulness constraints. Markedness constraints serve to evaluate the well-formedness of candidates, therefore they are also known as well-formedness constrinats. These constraints have no access to the input; they only evaluate output forms, that is, they penalize candidates that violate their terms, without considering the input. ONSET and *COMPLEXONS are two Markedness constraints. The former dictates that syllables must have onsets, and the latter forbids syllables from having consonant clusters in their onsets. Faithfulness constraints, on the other hand, have access to both input and output: they serve to ensure that no change occurs in the output compared with the input. Therefore they penalize those candidates that have not been faithful to the input. DEP and MAX are two faithfulness constraints which forbid insertion and deletion respectively. 3. Methodology Glottal stop was analyzed in different words and contexts in the formal style of Persian to figure out whether it is a phoneme or a phone and to discuss the phonological processes as well as the constraints which affect its occurrence and non-occurrence in different environments. However, prior to applying OT analyses it discusses the derivations and interactions between the phonological processes. 4. Results & Discussion This research was an attempt to resolve the disagreements and misconceptions about the identity of glottal stop in Persian. The results indicate that glottal stop is a phoneme only as the pronunciation of the letters “ء” and “ع” in the orthography of Arabic loanwords. In the rest of the words including Persian words of native origin as well as in non-Arabic loanwords it is a phone whose task is to fill empty onset positions at the beggining and in the middle of the words because it does not exist in the underlying representation of these words. It is in fact the result of insertion at the very moment of physical production. The duty of this phone is to fill empty onset positions in vowel-initial words, in cluster- initial loanwords (after [e] is inserted to declusterize the word), and to resolve hiatus at morpheme boundary between two words of a compound, and between a word and an affix/ enclitic. Based on the sonority hierarchy, the reason of glottal stop insertion is that it is the least sonorant among all the consonants. It was discussed in this paper that the term “minimal pair” is about the opposition of two phonemes rather than the opposition of a phoneme and a phone. The findings of this research are in contrast with the studies in the literature which regarded glottal stop as a phoneme in Persian words of native origin as and in non-Arabic loanwords. It is also in contrast with the studies which regarded the opposition of a phoneme and a phone as a “minimal pair”. 5. Conclusion & Suggestions The significance of this research is that it argued if glottal stop represents letters “ء” and “ع” in the orthography of Arabic loanwords, it is a phoneme; otherwise it is a phone whose task is to fill empty onset positions. Furthermore, it was discussed that the reason glottal stop is not inserted in the onset when it is preceded by a closed syllable is the application of resyllabification which bleeds glottal stop insertion. It was also discussed that simultaneous application of both glottal stop prosthesis and glottal stop apocope in a single word is an instance of rule inversionin Vennemann’s (1972) sense. A future research suggestion could beinvestigating the nature and identity of glottal stop in other languages.
خلاصه ماشینی:
اين مقاله به روش توصيفي- تحليلي در چارچوب نظريۀ بهينگي ١ (پرينس ٢ و اسمولنسـکي ، 3 ٢٠٠٤ /١٩٩٣) انجام شده و هدف آن بررسي ماهيت بست چاکنايي در زبان فارسي در واژهها و بافت هاي گوناگون و همچنين شناسايي فرايندهاي واجي و محدوديت هاي تأثيرگذار بر رخداد و عدم رخداد اين همخوان در بافت هاي گوناگون است .
٢- پيشينۀ پژوهش پيشينۀ پژوهش پيرامون بست چاکنايي در زبان فارسي را ميتوان به دو دسته تقسيم کـرد؛ پژوهش هايي همچون صادقي (١٣٨٩)، استاجي و همکاران (١٣٨٩)، بيجن خـان (١٣٩٢: ٢٨١- ٢٧٦) و خداوردي (١٣٩٤) از ديـدگاه آواشناسـي/ واجشناسـي آزمايشـگاهي، و پـژوهش هـاي واجشناختي مانند حق شناس (١٣٧٠: ٢٨٤- ٢٥٧) در چارچوب واجشناسي چنـدنظامي فـرث، کامبوزيا (١٣٨١) در چـارچوب واجشناسـي خودواحـد و بـيجـن خـان (١٣٨٤: ١٨٢- ١٦٨) در چارچوب نظريۀ بهينگي.
البته ممکن است برخي ادعا کنند که چون سـه سـاخت هجـايي زبـان فارسي يعني CV،CVC و CVCC داراي آغازه هستند پس بست چاکنايي حاصـل رخـداد فرايند درج نيست بلکه يک واج است که در بازنمايي واجي وجود داشته است .
onset filler (1) ONSET >> DEP تابلوي (١) آغازهدار شدن سه الگوي هجايي بيآغازه {مراجعه شود به فایل جدول الحاقی} در ادامۀ اين بخش درج بست چاکنايي دو بافت آغاز و ميان واژهها در زيربخش هـاي درج آغازين ١ و درج مياني ٢ بررسي شده است .
٤-١- نويسۀ همزه بست چاکنايي در بازنمايي واجي وامواژههاي عربي همزهدار مانند نمونه هاي زير وجـود دارد، زيرا اين واژهها با همزه وارد زبان فارسي شدهاند.
بست چاکنايي به عنوان تلفظ اين نويسه در بازنمايي واجي وجود دارد و يک واج است .