چکیده:
تعیین رکنهای عروضی و نحوۀ رکنبندی وزنها، علاوه بر تأثیر در آموزش عروض، نقش مهمی در تعیین خانوادههای وزنی و طبقهبندی آنها دارد. آشفتگی در تعیین رکنها منجر به آشفتگی علم عروض و دشواری آموزش آن میشود. همچنین ساماندهی ارکان باعث تسهیل آموزش عروض و سامان دادن طبقهبندی اوزان میگردد. یکی از مباحث مهم عروض فارسی، پذیرش یا نپذیرفتن رکنهای پنجهایی و تعیین این ارکان است. در این مقاله، پس از بررسی رکنهای پنجهایی در عروض عربی و تأثیر آن در عروض سنتی فارسی، آرای مشهورترین عروضیان معاصر؛ پرویز ناتل خانلری، مسعود فرزاد، الول ساتن، وحیدیان کامیار، سیروس شمیسا و ابوالحسن نجفی را نقد و بررسی کردهایم. سپس با ذکر دلایلی مبتنی بر شواهد شعری، تأکید کردهایم که بهره گرفتن از رکنهای پنجهجایی کمک شایانی به تسهیل آموزش عروض و طبقهبندی اوزان فارسی میکند و ساماندهی این رکنها، یکی از خلأهای مهم عروض فارسی را پر میکند. در این نوشته بر ضرورت استفاده از رکنهای پنجهجایی تأکید شده و به رابطۀ میان ارکان پنجهجایی و وزن دوری نیز پرداخته شدهاست.
The identification of prosodic feet and their syllable arrangements have an undeniably important role in identifying and categorizing families of poetic meters (buhur) in Arabic and Persian prosody. Any confusion in the identification of poetic feet can lead to confusion in understanding and teaching prosody, just as proper organization of feet can facilitate the classification of meters and prosodic pedagogy. In this article, we will consider the Arabic pentasyllabic feet and their effect on Persian traditional prosody and evaluate the viewpoints of contemporary prosodists since Parviz Natel Khanlari, Abolhassan Najafi, and Laurence Paul Elwell-Sutton. We will argue that, based on the poetic evidence, the use of pentasyllabic feet significantly helps us teach and categorize Persian meters and remove one of the important shortcomings of Persian prosody. Moreover, the present article will emphasize the necessity of using pentasyllabic feet in the study of prosody and will discuss the relationship between such feet and the circular ones (vazn-e dowri). Extended Abstract 1. Introduction Grouping poetic feet has been one of the most important issues of Arabic and Persian prosody. This is because, on the one hand, learning any meter involves a knowledge of its feet and meters are remembered in terms of their foot arrangement, and, on the other hand, it is the foot arrangement that determines the place of each meter in the system of meters. Also, the foot arrangement defines the relationship between each meter and its family. 2. Theoretical Framework There are two different theories in Persian prosody: traditional and modern. I have adopted the modern theory in this study to specify prosodic feet and arrangement of them in meters, although, through a historical view, I have commented on the traditional theory, as well. 3. Methodology I have taken a comparative approach in this article involving Persian and Arabic prosody, but I have mostly focused on Persian here. Also, I have provided a historical view of the development of pentasyllabic feet through the centuries. 4. Results and Discussion Of the ten principal feet of Arabic poetry, two are pentasyllabic: mufa’alatun and mutafa’ilun. Based on the rules of zihaf (pl. zihafat) and ‘illa (pl. ilal) of Arabic poetry (which allow certain limited modifications to feet without changing their type), we may obtain the following feet from the mutafa’ilun foot which are named muraffal feet: mustaf’ilatun, mafa’ilatun, and mufta’ilatun. According to Arabic prosody, these feet are all found at the last foot of the second hemistich (darb). - Pentasyllabic Feet in Persian Poetry Traditional prosodists have admitted four pentasyllabic feet (i.e., mustaf’ilatun, mufa’ilatun, mufta’ilatun and fa’iliyatun) on condition that they solely appear at the end of the second half-lines. Due to the fact that meters with pentasyllabic feet were rare until the 14th century, prosodists didn’t deem it necessary to set the rules for using this kind of feet. - Pentasyllabic Feet in Modern Prosody Mas’ud Farzad was the first modern prosodist who considered pentasyllabic feet in his prosodic system. Compared to the traditional prosodists, Farzad admits a different number of pentasyllabic feet, but the main difference between Farzad and those prosodists lies in the fact that he doesn’t restrict the position of such feet to the end of lines (i.e., the end of the second half-lines). He believes that such feet can be found in both muttafiq-al-arkan (single-foot-type) and mutanawib-al-arkan (alternate-foot-type) meters. Abulhassan Najafi recognizes pentasyllabic feet along with trisyllabic and tetrasyllabic ones, but does not view them as non-problematic. For him, pentasyllabic feet include fa’aliyatun, mufta’ilatun, mustaf’ilatun, mufa’ilatun, mufa’ilatun, mustafa’ilun, mutafa’ilun, mufa’alatun, fa’iliyatun, and mustaf’ilatun. Repeating each of these feet would make a family of pentasyllabic meters. - The Benefit of Pentasyllabic Feet in Persian Prosody The important point missed by prosodists is the fact that pentasyllabic feet do not have same characteristics. We may classify pentasyllabic feet into three groups. Such feet may be made up of 1) three long and two short syllables: mufa’alatun (ᴗ- ᴗᴗ-) and mutafailun (ᴗᴗ-ᴗ-); 2) two short and three long syllables: fa’aliyatun (ᴗᴗ---), mufta’ilatun (-ᴗᴗ--), mustaf’ilatun (--ᴗᴗ-), mufa’ilatun (ᴗ-ᴗ--), mufa’ilatun (ᴗ--ᴗ-), and mustafa’ilun (-ᴗ-ᴗ-); and 3) one short and four long syllables: fa’iliyatun (-ᴗ---) and mustaf’ilatun (--ᴗ--). In perfect meters formed by repeating each of the feet in the second and third groups, unlike in the first group, each foot can have a neutral syllable (i.e., can be short, long or overlong) at the end. Thus, the poet can make use of an overlong syllable at the end of each foot in the middle of the half-line in addition to the neutral syllable at the end of the half-line. In this way, each foot could serve as part of a circular meter, and each half-line, rather than being formed of two parts, could have three or four parts, each of which could function as a half-hemistich or half-misra’ (i.e., half-half-line) in circular meters (‘awzan-e dowri). 5. Conclusion The following are the most important points that could be concluded from this study: Actually practiced pentasyllabic feet are fa’aliyatun, mufta’ilatun, mustaf’alatun, mufa’ilatun, mufa’ilatun, mustafa’ilun, mutafa’ilun, mufa’ilatun, fa’iliyatun, and mustaf’ilatun. Each of these, when repeated, could make a family of meters, but they cannot be alternated with other types of feet to make meters. In other words, they are not found in mutanawib-al-arkan meters. Unlike in traditional prosody, pentasyllabic feet are not supposed to be exclusively restricted to the end of half-lines. Each complete pentasyllabic foot, except for mutafailun and mufa’alatun, can serve as part of a circular meter. Meters formed by these feet may end in incomplete feet. In such a situation, the complete feet can no longer serve as part of a circular meter.
خلاصه ماشینی:
اين زحافات عبارت اند از (نک : قهرماني مقبل ، ١٣٩٠: ٢٤-٢٥): {مراجعه شود به فایل جدول الحاقی} تغييرات موسوم به علل نيز در عروض عربي غالبا مانند زحافات ، کاهشي اسـت ، ولـي چنـد علۀ افزايشي نيز در ميان آنها ديده ميشود و در اين ميان تنها يک عله به نام ترفيل ، منجر بـه افزودن يک هجاي بلند بـه پايـان رکـن متفـاعلن مـيگـردد و حاصـل آن يـک رکـن فرعـي شش هجايي (متفاعلاتن ) است .
رکن هاي مستخرج از متفاعلاتن عبارت اند از: {مراجعه شود به فایل جدول الحاقی} البته واقعيت شعري بيانگر اين است که در کنار متفاعلاتن ، تقريبا فقـط مسـتفعلاتن ديـده ميشود، به طوري که در کتاب علم العروض التطبيقي (عروض کاربردي)، تنهـا زحـاف اضـمار براي رکن مرفل (متفاعلاتن ) ذکر شده که همان تبديل متفاعلاتن به «متفـاعلاتن »(١) اسـت و از مفاعلاتن و مفتعلاتن به دليل کاربرد بسيار اندکشان ، اساسا ذکـري بـه ميـان نيامـده اسـت (نايف معروف و عمر الاسعد، ١٩٨٧: ٩٧).
وحيديان کاميار بـدون توجـه بـه اين قاعدة مهم عروضي، در موارد بسياري از رکن ناقص در ميان مصـراع اسـتفاده کـرده اسـت بدون آنکه وزن دوري باشد، دليـل ايـن مسـأله آن اسـت کـه او رکـن پـنج هجـايي را مطلقـا نپذيرفته است .
اما به دليل فراوانـي ايـن ويژگـي در وزن هاي متشکل از رکن هاي پـنج هجـايي، در ميـان شـواهدي کـه نجفـي (١٣٩٧: ٢٠١) در دست داشته است ، به نظر ميرسد که اين ويژگي را براي رکن هاي پنج هجايي پذيرفتـه اسـت و ديگر آن را به عنوان عيب براي شعر به شمار نميآورد: «معمولا هر رکن اوزان پنج هجـايي بـه خــودي خــود حالــت دوري دارد».