چکیده:
The history of different societies has long witnessed the emergence of epidemics and various biological crises. Crises have directly and indirectly affected various social areas of human life and have had wide material and spiritual consequences. Also, clerics and religious scholars have played an effective role in social responsibilities; But what has received less attention is the work of clerics and religious scholars in the field of public health. This study, by using library sources and the descriptive-analytical method, seeks to answer the question of what role did the clergy play in dealing with the pervasive diseases between the emergence of the Safavid sultans and the end of the Qajar era? it can be concluded that religious scholars, in addition to religious responsibilities, have played a role in this category of crises through actions such as writing books, learning medical knowledge, treating patients, and participating in the construction of hospitals by examining and analyzing historical propositions.Martin Lings, born in 1909 in England, was one of the few orientalists to convert from Christianity to Islam and to work on Islamic issues. One of them is the book "Muhammad based on the oldest sources". Although in this book he presents a relatively comprehensive account of the life of the Prophet Khatamah, his method of historiography does not meet the criteria of historical research. This study, by using the method of historical analysis, the author's method of historiography is examined by a case study of "the issue of Aboutaleb faith" in order to raise the book's shortcomings in this regard and provide a clearer picture of the topic of discussion to the audience. Some problems of Martin Lings' historiography are choice without presentation of logic, disregard for all propositions and evidence, imposition of presuppositions on history, and disregard for all sources that result in the introduction of unbelieving figures from Abu Talib. While examining all the sources, propositions, and pieces of evidence, it reveals many pieces of evidence and proof about Abu Talib's faith.This study three political reports about Mirza Naeini have been researched by historical method (descriptive and analytical): 1. Mirza Naeini's close and intimate relations with Seyyed Jamaluddin Asadabadi; Issuance of permission by Mirza Naeini for the execution of Sheikh Fazlullah Nouri and forging a telegram in the name of Akhund Khorasani; 3. Organizing a meeting with the focus on the Khorasani mullah to decide on Mullah Kurban Ali Zanjani, according to which, Mirza Naeini commented on the need to execute Mullah Ghorban Ali and added something to the mullah's telegram. The results of the research on these three reports are as follows: 1. The principle of acquaintance and connection between Seyed Jamal and Mirza Naeini is correct; But the existence of a "very intimate and friendly relationship" between Asadabadi and Naini and Seyyed Jamal's frequent visits to Naini is incorrect and at least questionable; 2. The second report is a lie basically; 3. The content of the third report, like the first, must be distinguished. Some of its contents, which are also mentioned in some other sources, are correct; But another part of it can be doubted and denied. According to this, it is not accepted that Mirza Naeini was of the opinion on the execution of Mulla Qurban Ali and had added something to the mullah's telegram.How the Prophet passed away is one of the historical issues that has been shrouded of ambiguity due to the existence of contradictory narrations; In other words, it is not so clear, did the Holy Prophet die a natural death or was he martyred by poisoning? This study has criticized the Shiite and Sunni narrations and the views of the scholars of the two sects on issues such as the cause of the disease, the onset of the disease and the story of giving medicine to the sick Imam (the story of Ludud) by citing authoritative texts. It is examined Shiite and Sunni views and documents on the subject of the cause of the Prophet's demise, and in general t has been concluded that the principle of poisoning of the Holy Prophet has been accepted from the point of view of the vast majority of sectarian scholars; But how and why is due to the many contradictions caused by the political atmosphere after the death of that Imam, and the existence of serious motives in distortion and concealment in an aura of ambiguity.Literary (cultural) interpretation of contemporary and modern approaches is an interpretation that was theorized by the modern Egyptian thinker Amin al-Khouli and continued and developed by students and later scholars of the Qur'an. In contemporary literary interpretation, the genealogy of Quranic contents and historical reports on the pre-Islamic era and the time of revelation is the main pillar and its results can be followed in two axes: "recognizing the history of the pre-Islamic era" and "more accurate interpretation of verses". This study tries to show the types of connection between the history and culture of the era of revelation and contemporary literary interpretation in the second axis by using an analytical-explanatory method and focusing on the works of the Qur'an. The works of linking history with literary interpretation are such as the result is that the historical semantics of the words of the Qur'an, correcting the interpretation of some verses, reinterpreting the stories of the Qur'an, and criticizing the use of incorrect historical reports in the interpretation that can be used as a model. At the same time, the monopoly of the meaning of the Qur'an in the historical context of revelation and influence, knowing the Qur'an from the culture of the time, and relying on weak historical reports, are among the deviations of literary interpretation in the use of history.Ethan Kleberg is a contemporary orientalist and Zionist Shiite scholar active in the field of Shiite studies. He tries to explain the meaning of the term and its background in two studies on the term Rafidah. Kleberg examines the idiomatic meaning of the term and the semantic burden of the term by using early Shiite and Sunni sources. He insists that the term Rafida, which initially had a negative meaning, has been turned into a positive and honorable term by the Shiite Imams. It also follows the history of the term Rafida from the time of Idris the Prophet and later to the history of Islam. His view was interpreted and the gaps in this view were identified in terminology and background knowledge in his critique of qualitative content analysis. The findings of study show that Kleberg first did not distinguish between lexical and idiomatic meaning and neglected lexical semantics; For this reason, in the background, he has confused between two meanings, Secondly, he ultimately failed to prove his claim that the responsibility for proof has a positive meaning for the term Rafidah, and provided a compelling reason, but rather numerous historical and hadith reasons to the contrary. Also, he has not reached a clear conclusion in his articles and has only stated the probabilities, and in the classification of propositions and probabilities, he does not observe the coherence of method and logical order.
خلاصه ماشینی:
A Critical Study of Martin Lings' Method of Historiographyin book of "Muhammad Based on the Ancient Sources"(A Case Study of Aboutaleb’s Faith) ( Hossein Abdolmohammadi / Associate Professor, History Department of Al-Mustafa International Society Hoseinmohammadi31@yahoo.
Martin Lings, Abotaleb, Muhammad Based on the oldest sources, the method of historiography Validation of three Political reports about Mirza Naeini (Close Connection with Seyyed Jamaluddin Asadabadi and the Death Sentence of Sheikh Fazlullah Nouri and Mullah Rban Ali Zanjani) Alireza Javadzadeh / Assistant Professor, Department of History of Contemporary Thought IKI Received: 2020/09/29 - Accepted: 2021/03/14 javadzadeh@iki.
ir Abstract This study three political reports about Mirza Naeini have been researched by historical method (descriptive and analytical): 1.
com Received: 2020/11/11 - Accepted: 2021/03/15 Abstract How the Prophet passed away is one of the historical issues that has been shrouded of ambiguity due to the existence of contradictory narrations; In other words, it is not so clear, did the Holy Prophet die a natural death or was he martyred by poisoning?
This study tries to show the types of connection between the history and culture of the era of revelation and contemporary literary interpretation in the second axis by using an analytical-explanatory method and focusing on the works of the Qur'an.
literary commentary, cultural commentary, prehistoric history, rules of commentary ABSTRACTS > A Critique of Ethan Kelberg's Perspective on the Conceptual and Historical Analysis of the Term "Rafidah" ( Hassan Ahmadian Delawiz / PhD in Islamic History of the Mustafa International Society delaviz59@yahoo.