At the beginning of the twentieth century،
Iran witnessed one of its most important political
events in its modern history، represented by the
constitutional revolution of 1905-1911. A coalition
of merchants، intellectuals، clergymen، artisans،
and other segments of society participated in the
revolution. Despite the differences in the principles
that led these groups to participate in the revolution،
they shared a central objective: the necessity of
restricting theabsolute power of the Shah، For
intellectuals، in particular، who were inspired by
Western ideologies such as patriotism، liberalism
and secularism، they believed that the establishment
of constitutional and legal institutions would foster
a strong and prosperous society along the lines of
contemporary European societies.
The political and national awareness of the
intellectuals during this period has taken a cultural
and literary approach that has resulted in the
emergence of literary and cultural associations that،
within their means and under clandestine
circumstances، tried to engage in political activity.
Thus، it was able to approach the organized
revolutionary work and became the nucleus of the
political parties that emerged in a later period. Their
role was clearly and influential in the Iranian
constitutional revolution. Several factors contributed
to the growing political and cultural awareness
among the intellectuals، especially print and the
press. At this stage، printing contributed to the
intellectual and cultural movement in Iran through
various types of publications and works، to the
leading figures and pioneersin modern and religious
sciences. The press also played an active role ،)
Through the transfer of ideas، sciences،
literature and cultures from different countries، and
was published on the pages of modern articles of
the pioneers of thought، modern renaissance، as
well as carried out by the local press، which was
then the nucleus of the Iranian press later. The
intellectuals did not emerge because of an
emergency، In society، but they were part of all.
The crystallization and growth of the educated class
was not in isolation from the network of relations
that deeply interacted within Iranian society during
that historic era. In light of these relations and
phenomena associated with them، represented by
the foreign challenge coming from the West،
political tyranny and economic and social
.backwardness of Iranian society determine the
influential and active role of ntellectuals in the
constitutional revolution in Iran