چکیده:
بحران شیوع ویروس کرونا سبب شده برخی اصول انظباطهای فکری مورد تردید قرار گیرد. اتخاذ راهبردهای جدید، تصمیمگیران را با چالش مواجه ساختهاست. این مقاله به اکتشاف مهمترین راهبردها به صورت مدلی ساده برای جامعه ایران در مواجه با چالش این پدیده در زمینههای معماری و شهرسازی میپردازد. با توجه به ابهامات درمانی، نحوه و سرعت عمل ویروس و توزیع واکسن، لازم است تا افزون بر زمینههای نظری، عرصههای عملی پاسخگوی این نوع بحرانها باشد. هدف، بسترسازی برای تولید دانش در این زمینه است. چراکه برخی ادعاهای شهرسازی برآمده از این پدیده، تازگی کاذب رسانهای داشته یا برآمده از استدلالهای نادرست است. مبتنی بر نظریه برپایهایی و با روش تحلیل محتوا، دادههای دست اول از متون حاصله از اتاق فکر و جلسات خبرگان معماری-شهرسازی کشور، جمع آوری و با مطالعات کتابخانه ای و اسکیسهای ترسیمی دانشجویان تحصیلات تکمیلی طی یک ترم به اشباع نظری رسیده است. «چالش»، «پیامد» و «راهبردهای محتوایی» با کدگذاری «آزاد»، «محوری» و «منتخب» به کمک نرم افزار اطلس تی آی تحلیل و مدل سازی شدهاست. یافتهها حاکی است که زمینه راهبردهای محوری برخاسته از چالشهای منتخب پنجگانه، در طیفی وابسته از کمترکالبدی (شامل اقتصادی-اجتماعی، مدیریتی-مشارکتی و فرهنگی-آموزشی)، تا بیشتر کالبدی (شامل برنامهریزی-طراحی، زیرساختی-شبکهای) قابل دستهبندی است. راهبردها در زمینههایی مثل مسکن، مشارکت، مردم سالاری دینی، آموزش، بهرهگیری از اصول طراحی و برنامهریزی با رویکردهای سلامتمحور و توسعه زیرساختهای فناوری و حملونقل عمومی بهدستآمدهاست. با این وجود، یافتهها و راهبردهای دوران پساکرونا مغایرتی با دوران پیشاکرونا نداشته ولی فرصتی ویژه برای کشور است. بیشترین وجه اشتراکی زمینهها، کنشهای دوگانه هویتی است. در این تجربه زندگی، هویت آدمی بیشتر در کنشهای سیال و دوگانه فضا-زمان، عمومی-خصوصی، باز-بسته، مشهود-نامشهود، محلی-جهانی، سنت-مدرنیته، مریی-نامریی و حضور-غیاب چندجهانی شدهاست. همچنین حکمروایی سلامتمحور شهری راهبرد اصلی گردهمآورنده سایر راهبردهاست.
The article seeks to categorize the strategic themes grounded on Coronavirus pandemic challenges in architecture, urban planning and design in Iran. The research aims to build relevant knowledge in the shape of the conceptual model. As the virus has spread quickly among societies and vaccination discovery takes time, it is vital to find theoretical dimensions as well as practical aspects of architecture, urban planning and design to respond to the challenge. Thus based on a grounded theory methodology and applying content analysis and focus group techniques, the primary sources gathered from an expert panel including countrywide faculty members of IAU with architecture and urban planning and design expertise. To consider the data collection saturated, the graduate students' sketches during a semester as well as the extensive literature have analyzed. Challenges, consequences, and strategies are codified in three phases: Open, axial, and selective codes have been sorted out. The article concludes that the themes might be classified based on five challenges from less physical (including socio-economic, cultural-educational) to more physical (consisting of planning-design, urban infrastructure, and traffic). The themes include housing, education research, participation, planning, design, Information and Communication Technology, and public transportation. There is no discrepancy between the extracted strategies for either post or pre Corona eras. The most common concept among themes and strategies is their dichotomy qualities (such as place and non-place). The good governor based on healthy city approaches, however, is the crucial theme that may bind the whole themes. The method of this qualitative and quantitative research is based on grounded theory (GT), theoretical saturation, and content analysis. Due to the novelty of the subject of the corona pandemic, the GT method has been used to examine the joint experience of experts and students. Therefore, in this research, in addition to library studies, primary data have been collected in two ways. First, the focus group interviews of experts (the country's top researchers) are set up in a special think tank. Expert participants from among faculty members (active and retired) in the fields of architecture and urban planning across the country have been invited to lecture virtually. Nine professors, after presenting their specialized topic, received comments and questions from the rest audience including 40 members. They then revised, classified and conclude their speech according to criticism in a written text format. Second, this research used the illustrated data (pictures or sketches) of graduate students (master and doctoral) in related fields (architecture and urban planning).The steps and procedures were such that in the expert section, during ten online sessions (at least one hour webinar for each), nine professional topics were reviewed by all participants. The topic under review was studied by the participants before the meeting and was completed by the members during the meeting and led by the meeting manager and secretary. Finally, after completing ten sessions, each of the professors has summarized topics in writings. The final analysis is provided to the experts at the end to express their opinion and consensus. In the other section, the graduate students of five classes voluntarily presented sketches or pictures with the subject of research in the form of graphs with short writings, the contents of which have been used in data analysis operations. In order to reach the theoretical saturation, additional library studies have been continued. The initial analysis method was that the primary data (final written texts and sketches) and secondary data (library collections) were analyzed in three coding steps: open, axial and selective coding steps conducted line by line, paragraph by paragraph and sketch by sketch. After completing the coding based on the causal relationship of the relevant sections and commonalities, similarities and overlaps of concepts were considered.According to the GT method and based on research data, the challenges and consequences of coronavirus in architecture and urban planning in less physical aspects such as socio-economic, cultural-educational, managerial issues and more physical aspects such as infrastructure and spatial space can be grounded. Common strategies were similarly found in the data, which can be categorized in different ways.In addition to the analytical texts, a review of the sketched challenges of graduate students about the image of the city in the corona pandemic period confirms that on the one hand, the horror of emptying urban spaces of people and on the other hand advancing the facilities of the information society will be the future vision of the city.According to the three coding steps in the challenge, consequence, and strategy sections, a model of logical relationships between fields is proposed according to figure two. In this figure, the range of "more physical" categories is lower and "less physical" is higher. Figure 2 also shows how the five selected challenge categories are related to the central category of the strategies (circular) and can be shared or differentiated. In addition, the figure shows that good governance is a strategy that can guide and bring together other strategies.