چکیده:
زمینه و هدف
اختلال کم توجهی - بیش فعالی الگویی از مشکلات است که معمولا در کودکی ایجاد میشود ولی ممکن است در بزرگسالی هم ادامه پیدا کند و به ناکامیهای شغلی و تحصیلی بیانجامد. پژوهش حاضر با هدف مقایسه طرحوارههای ناسازگار، باورهای فراشناختی و فراهیجانی مثبت در افراد مبتلا به اختلال کم توجهی-بیش فعالی و افراد سالم اجرا گردید.
روش بررسی
طرح پژوهش از نوع علی- مقایسهای بود. جامعه ی آماری مورد مطالعه در این پژوهش شامل بزرگسالان مبتلا به اختلال کم توجهی - بیش فعالی و بزرگسالان سالم در سال 1400 بود که از این تعداد، 60 نفر شامل 30 بزرگسال مبتلا به اختلال و 30 بزرگسال سالم به روش نمونهگیری در دسترس انتخاب شده و پرسشنامههای پژوهش یعنی طرحوارههای ناسازگار اولیه (یانگ، 2005) و باورهای فراشناخت و فراهیجان مثبت (بیر و مونته، 2010) را تکمیل نمودند. تحلیل دادهها با استفاده از روش T مستقل و در بستر نرم افزار SPSS نسخه 26 صورت گرفت. سطح معناداری آزمونها نیز برابر با 05/0 در نظر گرفته شد.
یافته ها
نتایج نشان داد که طرحوارههای ناسازگار بزرگسالان مبتلا به اختلال کم توجهی - بیش فعالی در هر 5 حوزه بریدگی و طرد (001/0 <p)، خودگردانی و عملکرد مختل (001/0 <p)، حد و مرزهای مختل (001/0 <p)، دیگر جهت مندی (001/0 <p) و گوش به زنگی بیش از حد و بازداری (001/0 <p) بیشتر از بزرگسالان عادی و میانگین نمرات فراشناخت و فراهیجان مثبت بزرگسالان عادی بیشتر از بزرگسالان مبتلا به این اختلال بود (001/0 <p).
نتیجه گیری
براساس یافتههای پژوهش میتوان با شناسایی طرحوارههای ناسازگار و باورهای فراشناختی و فراهیجانی مثبت به بهبود نشانگان اختلال کم توجهی - بیش فعالی در بزرگسالان کمک نمود.
Background & Objective: Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a pattern of problems that usually occurs in childhood but may continue into adulthood. According to reports, 60 to 85% of people who receive this diagnosis in childhood have the criteria for the disorder in adolescence, and up to 60% of their symptoms continue into adulthood. Emotional instability, job and academic failure, and alcohol abuse are among the characteristics of ADHD, which are effective in forming and reinforcing maladaptive schemas. The schemas that are more prominent in adult patients with ADHD (such as failure and shame) fit well with their learning history and main symptoms. In fact, schemas are conceptualized as information processing structures and, as expected, are the basis of cognitive and metacognitive thoughts and beliefs that are also necessary for understanding emotional experiences in one's life. The term metacognition is defined as the knowledge of cognitive processes. Metacognition affects human cognitive processing through processes such as control, monitoring, planning, and correction, and interacts with a person's emotional processing or mental health. The concept of meta-emotion as first introduced by Gottman et al. (1996) and has since been extended to other fields. Meta-emotions are divided into two dimensions: positive meta-emotions (meta self-compassion and meta-interest and negative meta-emotions (including meta-anger, meta-shame / meta self-humiliation, meta-control of thought, and self-prevention of emotion). People with positive emotions are less likely to make inappropriate and hasty decisions which suppresses their thoughts and emotions. The present study aimed to compare the maladaptive schemas, metacognitive beliefs and positive meta-emotions in people with ADHD and normal adults. Method: The present study was a causal comparative study in term of design and the statistical population included all adults with ADHD in Isfahan in the fall of 2021. The research sample consisted of 60 adults, 30 of whom had ADHD and 30 normal adults who were selected by convenient methods and referring to two counseling centers in Isfahan. Inclusion criteria include 1) age range of 18 to 60 years, and 2) the presence or absence of symptoms of ADHD (according to the cut score 55) and the exclusion criteria include medication and treatment for ADHD / Attention deficit. Research questionnaires included: 1- Young's Early Maladaptive Schemas Questionnaire (Young, 2005) contains 75 questions that evaluate 15 schemas and 5 domains. Young and Brown found the convergent validity of the questionnaire equal to 0.56 and Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the whole test was 0.96. 2- Metacognitive Beliefs and Positive Meta-emotion Questionnaire (Beer and Monte, 2010) has 18 questions, whose validity coefficient was equal to 0.54 and reliability through Cronbach's alpha was equal to 0.73 (19). At the inferential level, the Shapiro-Wilk and Levin tests were used to check the presuppositions, and the independent t-test was used to check the main objective of the researches. All statistical analyzes were performed using the SPSS software version 26. Results: The results of the t-test in incompatible schemas showed that adults with ADHD in the areas of rejection (p The results showed that normal adults in total score of metacognitions _ excitement (pConclusion: By identifying maladaptive schemas and positive metacognitive and meta-motional beliefs, can be helped to improve ADHD in adults.
خلاصه ماشینی:
يافته ها: نتايج نشان داد که طرحواره هاي ناسازگار بزرگسالان مبتلا به اختلال کم توجهي – بيش فعالي در هر ٥ حوزه بريدگي و طرد (٠٠٠١>p)، خودگرداني و عملکرد مختل (٠٠٠١>p)، حد و مرزهاي مختل (٠٠٠١>p)، ديگر جهت مندي (٠٠٠١>p) و گوش به زنگي بيش از حد و بازداري (٠٠٠١>p) بيشتر از بزرگسالان عادي و ميانگين نمرات فراشناخت و فراهيجان مثبت بزرگسالان عادي بيشتر از بزرگسالان مبتلا به اين اختلال بود (٠٠٠١>p).
Examining the roles of cognitive flexibility, emotion recognition, and metacognitions in adult Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder with predominantly inattentive presentation.
Psychometric Properties of Persian Version of Conners' Adult Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale (Screening Form-Self Reporting).
Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and early maladaptive schemas.
Validation of the Persian version of the Connerâ s Adult ADHD Rating Scalesâ self-report (CAARS-S-SV).
Early maladaptive schemas in adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
2005 130 Comparison of Maladaptive Schemas, Metacognitive and Meta-emotional Components in Individuals with Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder and Healthy Individuals Negin Rahmani1, Maryam Talaei2, Habib Hadianfard3 Abstract Background & Objective: Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a pattern of problems that usually occurs in childhood but may continue into adulthood.
The present study aimed to compare the maladaptive schemas, metacognitive beliefs and positive meta-emotions in people with ADHD and normal adults.
2- Metacognitive Beliefs and Positive Meta-emotion Questionnaire (Beer and Monte, 2010) has 18 questions, whose validity coefficient was equal to 0.
(p schemas and positive metacognitive and meta-motional beliefs, can be helped to improve ADHD in adults.
Key words: Maladaptive Schemas, Metacognitive Beliefs, Meta-emotion, Hyperactivity.