چکیده:
در گیلکی، چهار صورت زبانی برای بیان وجه اجازه بهکار میرود: vâhâštǝn، bedâ، benǝ و tânǝstǝn. برخی از این صورتها بر صدور اجازه و برخی بر درخواست اجازه دلالت دارند. این ابزارها حاصل دستوریشدگی صورتهایی هستند که در دورههای پیشین زبانهای ایرانی، کارکرد واژگانی داشتهاند. در این مقاله، روند دستوریشدگی ابزارهای بیان وجه اجازه براساس دادههای زبان اوستایی، فارسی باستان، فارسی میانه و متون ادب فارسی بررسی شدهاست. در غالب زبانها، وجه اجازه یا با دستوریشدگی فعلهایی که بر رهاکردن و ترککردن دلالت دارند، بازنمایی میشود یا با دستوریشدگی فعلهایی که بر مفهوم توانایی دلالت دارند و برای بیان احتمال نیز بهکار میروند. صورتهای زبانی vâhâštǝn و bedâ از ریشۀ harz/hard به معنی رهاکردن در دورۀ باستان زبانهای ایرانی بازماندهاند. benǝ از مصدر nehan است که علاوهبر معنی واژگانی «قراردادن»، در مرحلهای از تحول زبان برای بیان معنی «رهاکردن» بهکار رفته و سپس، فعل امر آن برای بیان مفهوم اجازه دستوری شدهاست. tânǝstǝn نیز از ریشۀ tav به معنی «تواناییداشتن» در زبانهای دورۀ باستان است که در سیر تحول، علاوهبر مفهوم وجهی توانایی، برای بیان احتمال و اجازه نیز بهکار رفتهاست.
In Gilaki, four forms are used to express permission: vahastǝn, beda, benǝ and tanǝstǝn. Some of these forms indicate the issuance of permission and some indicate the request for permission. These forms are the result of the grammaticalization of the forms that had lexical functions in the old periods of Iranian languages. In this article, the process of grammaticalization of the grams which represent permission has been investigated based on the data from Avestan, Old Persian, Middle Persian, and Persian literary texts. In most languages, permission is represented either through the grammaticalization of verbs that imply abandoning and leaving or through the grammaticalization of verbs that imply the concept of ability and are also used to express probability. In the Gilaki, the forms vahastǝn and beda, from the root harz / hard, which means "to leave", survived in the old period of Iranian languages. Benǝ, from the infinitive nehan, in addition to the lexical meaning of "putting", was used in a stage of language evolution to express the meaning of "leaving" and then its imperative verb was grammaticalized to express the concept of permission. Tanǝstǝn is also from the root tav meaning "to be able" in the old period of Iranian languages. This form in the course of evolution, in addition to the modal concept of ability, is also used to express possibility and permission. Extended Abstract1. IntroductionExpression of permission is one of the modalities which is represented in Gilaki by vahastǝn, beda, benǝ and tanǝstǝn. In this paper, we intend to examine these linguistic forms from the grammaticalization point of view, and by using the diachronic data of Iranian languages. 2. Theoretical frameworkAccording to Bybee (1994), there are two ways to express the concept of permission diachronically: first, the grammaticalization of the verbs that mean "to allow" and "to have permission", and second, the development of the verbs which imply physical and mental ability into root possibility and then into the concept of permission. During the process of development, the concept of ability includes all external and internal conditions that make the occurrence of things possible and all the social and physical conditions that enable or allow the agent and the speaker to do something. In addition, in many languages of the world, the verbs which mean "to leave", and "to abandon", have developed into forms to express permission. 3. MethodologyGilaki data for permission requests and permit issuance is provided by the field method, and based on the linguistic intuition of one of the authors. By using data from Avestan, Old Persian, Middle Persian and post-Islamic Persian literary texts, we have shown what functions the forms of expressing the concept of permission have had in the past periods of Iranian languages and what changes they have gone through to become grammatical tools for expressing permission in Gilaki. 4. Results & DiscussionVahastǝn is composed of the prefix va- and the infinitive hastǝn, which means "to put", "to leave", "to abandon" and "to allow" and its present stem is vahal-. Hastǝn is the residual from the harz/hard root, in old Persian and Avestan, which means "to leave", or "to abandon". In Middle Persian and Persian literary texts, hist and its present stem hil-, are used to indicate abandoning and leaving objective and abstract things and also the process of doing things. Using the verb in contexts where abandoning something is done to achieve a specific goal, has gradually caused the verb to lose its original meaning, abandon, and acquire the meaning of permission. In the majority of middle Persian sentences, the action that is permitted to be done through the use of the verb histan, or the specific purpose for which the use of histan, allows its fulfilment or non-fulfilment, is presented in the form of complete and non-complete infinitives. In Persian literary texts, histan is used pre-verbally, within a subordinate clause and with a conjunction. In Gilaki, the conjunction has been removed from the beginning of the subordinate clause and vahastǝn is used both to issue permits and to request permission.Beda is another form in Gilaki for asking permission. This form is obtained through phonological reduction and the loss of morpheme boundary in the phrase *be hel ta. The infinitive nehan, means, "to put something somewhere", "to permit" and "to abandon". Bene, the imperative form with the prefix be, is used for asking permission.Bene, the imperative form with the prefix be, is used for asking permission. In the old period of Iranian languages this verb, from the root da and the prefix ni-, is used to mean "put something somewhere". In middle Persian, both the present stem nih- and the past stem nihad are used with the same meaning. In Persian literary texts, nihadan, without locative adverbs means, "to abandon", "to leave", and sometimes "to leave alone, to give up", is used with the conjunction ta and a subordinate clause. Abandoning and leaving something when it is done to accomplish a task or achieve a specific goal, has caused the interpretation of allowing and asking for permission in the mind of the language speakers. In Gilaki bene is used to represent asking for permission by moving to the initial position of the sentence and removing the conjunction.Tanǝstǝn simultaneously represents the concepts of physical and mental ability, possibility and permission. This verb is a residual of the root tav in old Persian and Avestan, which means "to have the ability ". In middle Persian, tuwan and tuwanist have been common to denote the concept of physical and mental ability. Ability also implies the concept of possibility. The ability to do something is the possibility and probability of its occurrence. Therefore, the concept of the ability to do something also implies the possibility of its realization. In middle Persian tuwan, in some contexts especially in interrogative contexts has represented permission. In these contexts, tuwan describes a condition in which the agent or the speaker can do something. Gradually, with the expansion of the use of this verb to express such concepts in Gilaki, tanǝstǝn is used to issue and request permission. 5. Conclusion & SuggestionsThe forms of expressing modal concepts in all languages have emerged through the grammaticalization of two lexical forms, the first of which are the verbs which mean "to abandon", and "to leave". Vahastǝn, beda and benǝ are such verbs. Beda and vahastǝn the residual forms from the root harz/hard, lose their lexical meanings and are only used grammatically. The lexical meaning and grammatical function of nehan coexist with each other. This verb, from the root da and with the prefix ni-, originally meant "to put" and then has obtained the meaning of "to abandon", and in Gilaki, its imperative form has been used to express permission. The second way of representing the concept of permission is verbs that imply the concept of ability and are used in a stage of development to express the concept of possibility. In Gilaki tanǝstǝn a residual form of the root tav is used to express ability, possibility and permission. Selected BibliographyAbualqasemi, M. 1994. Stems of Dari Persian Verbs, Tehran: Ghoghnus. [In Persian]Bartholomae, C. 1961. Altiranisches Worterbuch. Berlin: W. De Gruyter.Brunner, Ch. j. 1977. A Syntax of Western Middle Iranian. Delmar, New York: Caravan Books.Bybee, J. L., Perkins R. D. & Pagliuca, W. 1994. The Evolution of Grammar: Tense, Aspect, and Modality in the Languages of the World. Vol. 196. Chicago: University Press.Bybee, J. L. and Fleischman, S. 1995. “Modality in grammar and discourse”. In Bybee, J. L. and S. Fleischman (eds), Modality in grammar and discourse, 1-17, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.Heine, B. 2003. “Grammaticalization”. In B.D. Joseph & R.D. Janda (eds.). The Handbook of Historical Linguistics, 575-601. Blackwell Publishing.Heine, B. & T. Kuteva. 2004. World Lexicon of Grammaticalization. Cambridge: University Press.Hopper, P. J. 1991. “On Some Principle of Grammaticalization”. In E. C. Traugott and C. Heine (eds.). Approaches to Grammaticalization, 1/17-35. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins publishing company.Hopper, P.J. & Traugott, E.C. 2003. Grammaticalization. Cambridge: University Press.Rastorgueva, V.S., Kerimova, A.A., Mamedzade, A.K., Pireiko, L.A. & Edel’man, D.I. 2012. The Gilaki Language. Uppsala: University Press.
خلاصه ماشینی:
در غالب زبان ها، وجه اجازه يا با دستوريشـدگي فعـل هـايي کـه بـر رهـاکردن و ترککردن دلالت دارند، بازنمايي ميشود يا با دستوريشدگي فعل هايي که بـر مفهـوم توانـايي دلالـت دارنـد و براي بيان احتمال نيز به کار مـيرونـد.
benǝ از مصدر nehan است کـه علاوه بـر معنـي واژگـاني «قراردادن »، در مرحله اي از تحول زبان براي بيان معني «رهاکردن » به کار رفته و سپس ، فعل امر آن براي بيـان مفهوم اجازه دستوري شده است .
سپس ، با استفاده از داده هاي زبان اوستايي، فارسي باستان ، فارسي ميانه و متـون ادب فارسـي پس از اسلام ، نشان خواهيم داد که اين صورت هاي زبـاني در گذشـتۀ زبـان هـاي ايرانـي چـه کارکردي داشته اند و چه تحولاتي را از سر گذرانده اند تا به ابـزار دسـتوري بـراي بيـان مفهـوم وجهي اجازه در زبان گيلکي بدل شده اند.
محمودي بختياري (١٣٨٧)، ساخت واژٔە افعال وجهي «باشـد» و «شـايد» را از منظـر سير تحول کارکرد آن بررسي کرده و به ريشۀ اين دو فعل در دورٔە باسـتان زبـان هـاي ايرانـي، صورت هاي اين دو فعل در متون فارسي ميانه و شيؤە کاربرد آنها در متون ادبي پرداخته است .
«هشتن / هليدن » در متون فارسي پيش از فعل اصلي آمده و کاري که مجوز انجـام آن بـا «هل ـ، هشت » صادر يا درخواست ميشود به جاي مصدر مرخم ، با جملۀ پيرو و با حـرف ربـط «تا» يا «که » نشان داده شده است : ١٢) نامه ها بايد کردن و اين جريدهاي خراج سوي ايشان فرستادن ، تا هر موبدي بـه هـر شـهري دسـت کاردار خراج بدان جريده نگاه دارد و نهلد که چيزي بيش بستاند (بلعمي، ١٣٧٢: ١٦٥).