چکیده:
چکیده شاعران صاحب سبک در هر دوره با نوآوری، به سخن خود نوعی تشخّص بخشیدهاند. یک مورد از این نوآوریها ساخت ترکیبات تازه است. شفیعی کدکنی از جمله شاعرانی است که بهرهگیری از واژههای ترکیبی در شعر او بسامدی چشمگیر دارد. پارهای از این واژهها، برساختة شاعر هستند و پارهای دیگر کمابیش در شعرکهن یا شعر معاصر فارسی سابقۀ کاربرد دارند. در این مقاله، توجّه و تأکید بر نوواژههای مشتق و مرکّبی است که شاعر متناسب با زبان شعر خود، ساخته و به کارگرفته است. با توجّه به اهمیّت واژهسازی در شعر، ضروری مینماید که این ویژگی در شعر شاعران شاخص زبان فارسی کاویده شود. شفیعی کدکنی یکی از شاعران برگزیدۀ شعر معاصر است که سرودههایش مجال چنین کاوشی را میدهد. دستمایۀ پژوهش پیش رو، شیوههای ترکیبسازی در دو مقولۀ اسم و صفت و تأثیر آن در بهسازی سرودههای این شاعر است. این پژوهش به شیوۀ توصیفی-تحلیلی انجام شده است. محدودة مورد بررسی، هفده دفتر شعر شفیعی کدکنی است که سرانجام در سه مجموعه، تجمیع شدهاند. ساخت اسم و صفت مرکّب و مشتق در شعر شفیعی کدکنی به یکی از این چند روش انجام گرفته است: اسم یا صفت مشتق حاصل از افزودن وند اشتقاقی به تکواژ پایه؛ دو اسم در کنار هم (اضافة مقلوب)؛ یک اسم و یک صفت (ترکیب وصفی مقلوب)؛ دو اسم در کنار هم با رابطة تشبیه (اضافة تشبیهی) و ... . بسامد و گوناگونی اسامی و صفات مرکّب و مشتق به کار رفته در شعر شفیعی کدکنی، شامل 85 مورد اسم، و 93 مورد صفت است.
Introduction The Persian poetry has ever been experiencing innovations as an actual element for distinguishing some poets from others, or a period’s poetry from the previous ones. This, in its turn, eventually leads to the emergence of different styles in poetry.Using innovations such as compound neologisms, the stylist poets of all ages have given some uniqueness to their language.Shafi’i-Kadkani is a rare eloquent poet in our time because of his close acquaintance with Persian’s classic language and literature, as well as his wide knowledge of contemporary poetry and literature. His simultaneous knowledge of classic and contemporary literature is of a salient representation in his poetry. One among the linguistic characteristics of Shafi’i-Kadkani’s poetry is his intelligent use of compound words. Some of those words are coined by the poet himself, while the usage of some others could more or less be traced back to the classic or contemporary periods of Persian poetry. This paper lays stress on the derivational and compound neologisms that, according to his language of poetry, the poet has coined and used. Regarding the significance of word-formation in poetry, it seems an essential requirement to investigate this feature in the poems of prominent Persian poets.Shafi’i-Kadkani is a select poet of contemporary poetry whose verses fairly fit such an investigation. Compounding-processes in the nominal and adjectival categories, as well as their positive effects on the improvement of this poet’s verses, come within the scope of the present study. The poetic achievement of the poet throughout half a century, includes 17 poem-books compiled by the poet in three collections as follows:The first collection, entitled “A Mirror for Voices”, consists of seven poem-books, composed between 1337-1355, including ‘The murmur of voices’, ‘Night singing’, ‘Out of the leaf’s mouth’, ‘In Nishapur’s allees’, ‘Like a tree in the night rain’, ‘about being and singing’, and ‘The fragrance of the river Mulian’;The second collection, entitled “The mountain deer’s second millennium”, covers five poem-books named ‘The cypress of Kashmar’s elegies’, ‘A letter of desolation’, ‘The sonnet for sunflower’, ‘for the pigeons’ admiration’, and ‘The comet’;The third collection, entitled “An infant called happiness”, includes five poem-books named ‘below this welkin, and above this earth’, ‘The acme of thriving and composing’, ‘From everlasting to eternal’, ‘The petunias’ trumpet’, and ‘in a cold night with no song’. Methodology This research follows a descriptive-analytic method, and uses a library-based and note-taking research method to collect the data and elicit the necessary content. In this regard, besides the 17 poem-books of Shafi’i-Kadkani, more than 20 valid resources in Persian grammar and linguistics have been surveyed. Discussion To compose a poem, all poets employ some specific techniques and modes, one of which is the process of coining or inventing words and combinations, called lexical deviation by the formalists. This process is clearly and widely applied in Shafi’i-Kadkani’s poetic language. To survive and maintain its freshness and attraction, language needs neologisms. Word-formation process is divided into compounding and derivation. In compounding process, two different lexical items are combined to generate a new lexical item. This study investigates the process of compounding (combining lexical items) as well as the process of affixation (adding prefixes and/or suffixes to lexical items) under the general term of compounding since those processes are jointly utilized to convey new meanings and to invent new words with new meanings, too.More precisely, this paper focuses on studying compound/derived nouns and adjectives either narrowly used by other poets or coined by the intended poet with no record in previous works. It looks as if, while composing his poems, the poet has had in his mind an image of the complex word with no previous use, and having the knowledge of language capacity and potential, he has invented those words.Compound and derivative neologisms in Shafi’i-Kadkani’s poems could be divided into different types from a grammatical, linguistic or rhetorical point of view. This paper firstly divides those words into two major categories of Noun and Adjective, and then, based on the word-formation processes involved, investigates them in three different types of compounds, derivatives and compound-derivatives.Some processes to form compound nouns and adjectives used in Shafi’i-Kadkani’s poems are as follows:Inverted genitive compounds, combining two nouns: vine-leaf (تاکبرگ), mourning-dress (سوکجامه), walnut-tree (گردوبن).Genitive compounds, combining two nouns without the genitive/ezafe marker -e: pomegranate garden (باغانار), sand-wind (ریگباد).Compound nouns, combining two nouns (with a relation of simile) making a new nominal concept: fire-bush (اتشبوته), blood-leaf (خونبرگ).Inverted adjectival compounds, combining an adjective and a noun with a total nominal concept: leaf-clothes (برگینهجامه), thirsty-year (تشنهسال), ominus weep (شومشیون).Derivative nouns, derived from adding the suffix “-a” to an adjective: quiet+a (خامشا), wide+a (فراخا), soft+a (نرما) (softness).Derivative nouns, derived from adding the diminutive suffix “-ak” to noun: rain+ak (بارانک), stream+ak (جویک).Derivative nouns, derived from adding the suffix “-var/-vare” (-like) to a simple noun: body-like (تنوار), wave-like (موجواره).Compound-derivative nouns, derived from adding a suffix to a noun-present stem combination: curtain-pulling (پردهپردازی).Compound adjectives, combining a noun and an adjective (in the form of inverted adjectival compounds): fettered-feet (بستهپا), a remote past year (دیرسال).Compound adjectives, combining an adjective (in adverbial function) and a noun: heavy-raining (تندبار), gentle-shining (نرمتاب).Compound adjectives, combining two nouns: mirror-ritual (ایینهایین), winter-sleep (زمستانخواب).Compound adjectives, combining two nouns (having a relation of simile): brick paving (اجرفرش), silk-voice (ابریشماوا).Compound adjectives, combining a noun and a present stem giving a present participle: sky-link (اسمانپیوند), resistance-burn (backbreaking) تابسوز, intellect-split (mind-illuminator) (خردشکاف).Compound adjectives, combining a noun and a past stem giving a past participle: mirage-born (سرابزاد), shadow-grown (سایهرست).Compound adjectives, combining an adjective and a present stem: sharp-shine (تیزتاب), bright-adorn (روشنارا).Derivative adjectives, derived from adding the suffix “-nak” to a noun: odor+nak (fragrant) (بویناک), smoky+nak (smoky) (دودناک).Derivative adjectives, derived from adding the suffix “-an” to a verb: germinate+an (germinant, sprouting) (رویان), wash+an (detergent) (شویان).Compound-derivative adjectives, derived from adding the suffix “-an” to a noun-present stem combination: wing-open+an (flying) (بالگشایان), shadow-drag+an (shadow making) (سایهکشان).Compound-derivative adjectives, derived from adding the suffix “-gun” (-like) to a compound noun: moon-shine+gun (moonshine-like) (ماهتابگون).Compound-derivative adjectives, derived from adding the intensifying infix “-a” between a reduplicated djective: green-a-green (absolutely green) (سبزاسبز), soft-a-soft (extremely soft) (نرمانرم).It should be noted that this paper disregards studying the common Persian compound/derivative nouns or adjectives used in Shafi’i-Kadkani’s poems, such as harm-doer (maleficent) (زیانکار), background (پیشینه), skillful (چیرهدست), capillary (مویرگ), ration-eater (hireling) (جیرهخوار), shamefaced (شرمگین), ill-fated (شوربخت), and many more similar examples. Conclusion Inventing word combinations is a distinguishing element in language, and a factor in bringing it out of its quotidian use. Compound and derivative nouns and adjectives in Shafi’i-Kadkani’s poems, have an idiosyncratic structure and an outstanding frequency. Besides making use of common combinations in old Persian poetry, he, if necessary, invents combinations, forms the compound and derivative words as he intends, and employs them in his poems. His skillfulness in inventing combinations brings an eye-catching sitting of combinational neologisms to his linguistic context eventually leading to a revival in his language. Moreover, Shafi’i-Kadkani paves the way for making and using such combinations in future, and in his turn, expands the lexical amount and enrichment of Persian language.The total number of compound and derivative nouns and adjectives invented and used by Shafi’i-Kadkani in his three poetic collections, counting the narrowly used compound nouns and adjectives in previous Persian poetry, is 85 (nouns) and 93 (adjectives).Investigating the nouns and adjectives used in Shafi’i-Kadkani’s three poetic collection gives the implicit result that his innovation in making and using compound and derivative nouns and adjectives in his first poetic collection, “A mirror for voices” (including 17 poem-books composed in 1337-1355), reaches to a total of 24 nouns and 32 adjectives (the sum total of 56). In his second collection, “The mountain deer’s second millennium” (including his next five poem-books), the number rises to 44 nouns and 44 adjectives (the sum total of 88), and in his third collection, “An infant called happiness” (including his five most recent poem-books), the number falls to 15 nouns and 18 adjectives (the sum total of 33).Considering the equal volume and temporal order of composing those three collections, it’s revealed that making and using such compound and derivative words in his second collection, enjoys a rise in relation to his first one, but meets a small fall in his last collection.