Abstract:
ﻫﺪف ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ، ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ و ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ رﻓﺘﺎر ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪهی ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫـﺎی اداری، ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ و ﻓﺮوش، ﺑﻬﺎی ﺗﻤﺎم ﺷﺪه و ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﺑﻬﺎی ﺗﻤـﺎم ﺷـﺪه و ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎی اداری، ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ و ﻓﺮوش در ﺑﻮرس اوراق ﺑﻬﺎدار ﺗﻬﺮان، ﺑـﺮای دورهی زﻣﺎﻧﻲ2831-8831 اﺳﺖ. در اﻳﻦ راﺳﺘﺎ، رﻓﺘﺎر ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪهی ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎ در ازای ﺳﻄﻮح ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻐﻴﻴـﺮات در درآﻣـﺪ ﻓـﺮوش ﺑـﺮ اﺳـﺎس ﻓـﻦ آﻣﺎری"دادهﻫﺎی ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ" ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺷﺪ. ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎی ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﻛﻲ از وﺟﻮد رﻓﺘﺎر ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪه ی ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎی اداری، ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ و ﻓﺮوش، ﺑﻬﺎی ﺗﻤﺎم ﺷـﺪه و ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﺑﻬﺎی ﺗﻤﺎم ﺷﺪه و ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎی اداری، ﻋﻤـﻮﻣﻲ و ﻓـﺮوش اﺳـﺖ. ﻫﻢﭼﻨﻴﻦ، ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎی اداری، ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ و ﻓﺮوش ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺮای ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﺑـﻴﺶ از 03% در درآﻣﺪ ﻓﺮوش، ﺑﻬﺎی ﺗﻤﺎم ﺷﺪه ﺑﺮای ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻛـﻢﺗـﺮ از 01% و ﺑﻴﺶﺗﺮ از 03% در درآﻣﺪ ﻓﺮوش، از ﺧﻮد رﻓﺘﺎر ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪه ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﻲدﻫﻨﺪ.
Introduction: Cost stickiness occurs due to disproportionate increase and decrease in the level of operating assets in periods of increase and decrease of demand and sales. Despite small changes in an activity، large changes in the activity، forces management to make changes in the cost structure of companies، which in turn، will lead to a change in the total cost. In addition، managers are more willing to change the cost in the time activities will be increased compared to when they will be decreased.
This study considers and analyzes the sticky behavior of sales، general and administrative expenses (SG&A)، cost of goods sold and total of SG&A expenses and cost of goods sold in Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) for the period of 2004-2010. Moreover، the sticky costs behavior is analyzed for different levels of changes in sales revenues.
Research hypothesis
First main hypothesis: a relative magnitude of increase in costs when sales revenues increase is more than a relative magnitude of reduction in costs when sales revenues decrease.
1-1) a relative magnitude of increase in SG&A expenses when sales revenues increase is more than a relative magnitude of reduction in SG&A expenses when sales revenues decrease.
1-2) a relative magnitude of increase in costs of goods sold when sales revenues increase is more than a relative magnitude of reduction in costs of goods sold when sales revenues decrease.
1-3) a relative magnitude of increase in the total of costs of goods sold and SG&A expenses when sales revenues increase is more than a relative magnitude of reduction in the total of costs of goods sold and SG&A expenses when sales revenues decrease.
Second main hypothesis: sticky behavior of costs is caused by large changes in volumes of sales revenues.
2-1) sticky behavior of SG&A expenses are caused by large changes in volumes of sales revenues.
2-2) sticky behavior of costs of goods sold is caused by large changes in volumes of sales revenues.
2-3) sticky behavior of the total of costs of goods sold and SG&A expenses is caused by large changes in volume of sales revenues.
Methods:
Model 1
Log Log * Log
Where:
DV = SG&A، CGS، or TOTAL (CGS + SG&A)
For the second hypothesis، model 2 was exerted as follow:
Model 2
Log log
Where:
DV = SG&A، CGS، or TOTAL (CGS + SG&A)
R1it = 1 if percent change in sales revenue is [-0.1، 0.1]
R2it = 1 if percent change in sales revenue is [-0.2، -0.1) or (0.1، 0.2]
R3it = 1 if percent change in sales revenue is [-0.3، -0.2) or (0.2، 0.3]
R4it = 1 if percent change in sales revenue is [-1، -0.3) or (0.3، 1]
D1it = 1 if percent change in sales revenue is [-0.1، 0)
D2it = 1 if percent change in sales revenue is [-0.2، -0.1)
D3it = 1 if percent change in sales revenue is [-0.3، -0.2)
D4it = 1 if percent change in sales revenue is [-1، -0.3)
Conclusion and discussion: The findings of this research indicate that، there is a sticky behavior in SG&A expenses، cost of goods sold and their total.
Also، the costs show a sticky behavior only when the following situations occur:
1) SG&A expenses are more than 30% change in sales revenues، 2) cost of goods sold is less than 10% and more than 30% change in sales revenues and 3) total of them for variation less than 20% and more than 30% in sales revenues. This is why the increased sales revenues more than 30% would lead managers to increase companies’ capacity. On the other hand، when sales revenues decrease more than 30%، managers are not willing or able to equally decrease the costs in their company. Therefore، this issue has caused the sticky behavior of costs including SG&A expenses، cost of goods sold and total of SG&A expenses and cost of goods sold، and shows sticky behavior for changes for more than 30% of sales revenues in all cases.
Machine summary:
" ﻧﮕﺎره 5: ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از آزﻣﻮن ﻓﺮﺿﻴﻪﻫﺎی ﻓﺮﻋﻲ اول ﺗﺎ ﺳﻮم ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﺪل 2 ﺧﻄﺎی آﻣﺎره t ﻣﻌﻨﺎداری ﺿﺮاﻳﺐ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻓﺮﺿﻴﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد 0β 1000,0 294183,5 627900,0 833250,0 1β 1548,0 273591,0 16516,0 372021,0 2β 1145,0 353116,0 731152,0 335351,0 3β 1570,0 598087,1 543961,0 585103,0 ﻓﺮﺿﻴﻪی ﻓﺮﻋﻲ 4β 1000,0 374954,7 38413,0 548432,0 اول )ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ واﺑﺴﺘﻪ: ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ- 5β 9323,0 608689,0 163760,1 872350,1 ﻫﺎی اداری، 6β 827,0 378743,0 170254,0 362751,0 ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ و 7β 2912,0 720922,1 3203,0 535173,0 ﻓﺮوش( 8β 3420,0 849352,2- 830260,0 138931,0- ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ دورﺑﻴﻦ- ﻣﻌﻨﺎداری F آﻣﺎره F ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﺪه واﺗﺴﻮن 950/0 1000/0 63057/21 450/0 913/2 0β 4667,0 231792,0 735300,0 150100,0 1β 1000,0 500698,5 841312,0 327652,1 2β 1000,0 90133,11 513880,0 207000,1 ﻓﺮﺿﻴﻪی ﻓﺮﻋﻲ 3β 1000,0 65922,61 429850,0 013659,0 دوم )ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ 4β واﺑﺴﺘﻪ: ﺑﻬﺎی 1000,0 3967,37 98210,0 509059,0 ﺗﻤﺎم ﺷﺪه( 5β 7800,0 638726,2- 352173,0 295579,0- 6β 8070,0 299708,1- 214461,0 652792,0- 7β 2703,0 863120,1- 640011,0 893211,0- ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖﻫﺎی ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺪاری، دوره ﭼﻬﺎرم، ﺷﻤﺎره دوم، ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ و زﻣﺴﺘﺎن 1931 071 ﺧﻄﺎی آﻣﺎره t ﻣﻌﻨﺎداری ﺿﺮاﻳﺐ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻓﺮﺿﻴﻪ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد 8β 1000,0 135680,5- 001820,0 239241,0- ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ دورﺑﻴﻦ- ﻣﻌﻨﺎداری F آﻣﺎره F ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﺪه واﺗﺴﻮن 568/0 1000/0 551/176 468/0 451/2 0β 7249,0 248170,0 642400,0 503000,0 1β 1000,0 866126,5 535552,0 335634,1 2β 1000,0 905643,9 488501,0 846989,0 ﻓﺮﺿﻴﻪی ﻓﺮﻋﻲ 3β 1000,0 33540,41 263070,0 462889,0 ﺳﻮم )ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ 4β 1000,0 31479,16 413510,0 060949,0 واﺑﺴﺘﻪ: 5β ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﺑﻬﺎی 6200,0 34310,3- 636344,0 668633,1- ﺗﻤﺎم ﺷﺪه و 6β 2140,0 532340,2- 040002,0 037804,0- ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎی 7β 1614,0 605318,0- 169331,0 879801,0- اداری، ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ 8β 1000,0 575491,6- 424330,0 840702,0- و ﻓﺮوش( ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ دورﺑﻴﻦ- ﻣﻌﻨﺎداری F آﻣﺎره F ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﺪه واﺗﺴﻮن 118/0 1000/0 244/197 18/0 2702/2 ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻓﺮﺿﻴﻪی ﻓﺮﻋﻲ اول ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﮕﺎره ﺷﻤﺎرهی 5، ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﺑﻴﺎن ﻧﻤﻮد ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ 1% درآﻣﺪ ﻓﺮوش، ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ- ﻫﺎی اداری، ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ و ﻓﺮوش ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ 21/0%، 51/0%، 03/0%و 32/0% ﺑﺮای ﻫﺮ ﻳـﻚ از 4 ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪه، اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ."