Abstract:
در ﻓﻘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮزﻧﺪ اﻧﺴﺎن از زﻣﺎن ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﺗﺎ اول ﺑﻠﻮغ ﮐﻮدک ﮔﻮﯾﻨﺪ در اﺻﻄﻼح ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ و در ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻣﺪﻧﯽ ﮐﻠﻤﻪی ﮐﻮدک ﻣﺘﺮادﻓﺎ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺻﻐﺮ و ﻃﻔﻞ ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎر رﻓﺘﻪ و ﺑﻪ ﮐﺴﯽ اﻃﻼق ﻣﯽﺷﻮد ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻦ ﺑﻠﻮغ ﻧﺮﺳﯿﺪه و ﮐﺒﯿﺮ ﻧﺸﺪه ﯾﺎ ﺻﻐﯿﺮ ﻃﻔﻠﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻎ و رﺷﯿﺪ ﻧﺸﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺑﻪ ﮐﻮدﮐﺎﻧﯽ ﻃﻔﻞ ﺧﺎرج از ﻧﮑﺎح ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد ﮐﻪ ﺑﺪون ﻋﻠﻘﻪ زوﺟﯿﺖ ﺑﯿﻦ ﭘﺪر و ﻣﺎدر اﺻﻠﯽ در اﺛﺮ ﻋﻤﻞ زﻧﺎ و راﺑﻄﻪی ﻧﺎﻣﺸﺮوع ﻣﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ. ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ دﯾﺪﮔﺎه ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ و ﺷﺮﻋﯽ ﻧﺴﺐ اﯾﻦﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﮐﻮدﮐﺎن ﻧﺎﻣﺸﺮوع اﺳﺖ زﯾﺮا راﺑﻄﻪی ﻣﺎﺑﯿﻦ ﭘﺪر و ﻣﺎدر ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ آنﻫﺎ ﻧﺎﻣﺸﺮوع ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻣﺪﻧﯽ ﺟﻤﻬﻮری اﺳﻼﻣﯽ اﯾﺮان در ﻣﺎده 1167 ﺑﻪ ﭘﯿﺮوی از ﻓﻘﻬﺎی اﻣﺎﻣﯿﻪ ﻃﻔﻞ ﻣﺘﻮﻟﺪ از زﻧﺎ را ﻣﻠﺤﻖ ﺑﻪ زاﻧﯽ ﻧﻤﯽداﻧﺪ. ﻣﻔﻬﻮم ﻋﺪم اﻟﺤﺎق در اﯾﻦ ﻣﺎده آن اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮنﮔﺬار ﻧﺴﺐ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽ ﮐﻮدک را ﻧﺎدﯾﺪه ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و آﺛﺎر ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ ﻧﺴﺐ را ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ارث، ﺣﻀﺎﻧﺖ، ﻧﻔﻘﻪ و وﻻﯾﺖ ﻗﻬﺮی را ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ ﻧﻤﯽﮐﻨﺪ و اﯾﻦ آﺛﺎر را ﺑﺮ رواﺑﻂ ﺑﯿﻦ واﻟﺪﯾﻦ و ﮐﻮدک ﻣﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻧﻤﯽﮐﻨﺪ درﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﺣﻘﻮق و ﺗﮑﺎﻟﯿﻔﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﺮای اوﻻد ﻃﻔﻞ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻪ ﮐﻮدﮐﺎن ﻣﺸﺮوع اﺧﺘﺼﺎص ﻣﯽﯾﺎﺑﺪ. ﻗﻮه ﻣﻘﻨﻨﻪ ﻓﺮاﻧﺴﻪ در ﺳﺎل 2001 ﻣﯿﻼدی ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﯽ را ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺐ ﮐﺮد ﮐﻪ ﻓﺮزﻧﺪ ﻧﺎﻣﺸﺮوع را از ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ ﺣﻘﻮق ﻓﺮزﻧﺪ ﻣﺸﺮوع ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار ﻣﯽﺳﺎﺧﺖ وﻟﯽ از ﻟﺤﺎظ وراﺛﺖ ﺑﺮای ﻓﺮزﻧﺪ ﻧﺎﻣﺸﺮوع ﻫﻤﭽﻨﺎن ﻣﺤﺪودﯾﺖﻫﺎﯾﯽ دﯾﺪه ﻣﯽﺷﻮد.
In jurisprudence, the human child is called from birth to the age of puberty. In legal terms and in civil law, the word child is used synonymously with a minor and a child and refers to someone who has not reached puberty and is not a minor or a minor who is an adult and It has not grown. Children born out of wedlock are said to be born out of wedlock between the original parents as a result of adultery and an illegitimate relationship. From a legal point of view, the lineage of such children is illegitimate because the relationship between their natural parents was illegitimate. Article 1167 of the Civil Code of the Islamic Republic of Iran, following the Imami jurists, does not consider a child born of adultery to be involved in adultery. The implication of non-accession in this article is that the legislator ignores the natural lineage of the child and does not recognize the legal effects of lineage such as inheritance, custody, alimony and forced guardianship and does not regulate these effects on the relationship between parent and child. The law is intended for the children of children only for legitimate children. The French legislature passed a law in 2001 that gave the illegitimate child all the rights of a legitimate child, but there are still restrictions on the illegitimate child in terms of inheritance.