Abstract:
در آواربرداری و مرمت قلعه دختر کرمان از سال 1395 تا 1397 قطعات زیادی کاشی زرین فام کشف شد. برپایه طرحها و رنگهای متفاوت، به نظر میرسید این کاشیها، تولیدات چند منطقه هستند. اما کشف همه آنها از یک کانتکست باستان شناسی، نگارندگان را بر آن داشت با ساختارشناسی بر پایه مطالعات آزمایشگاهی، منشاء این تولیدات را پیشنهاد کنند. پرسشها اینست که این کاشیها چه ویژگیهایی دارند و محتوای نقوش و کتیبههای آنها چیست؟ رابطه کاشیها با قلعه دختر چیست و منابع تامین مواد اولیه آنها بر اساس آزمایشهای تجزیه عنصری کجاست؟ هدف اینست که با تطبیق نتایج آزمایشگاهی و ویژگیهای ظاهری کاشیها، ابهامات درباره منشا آنها زدوده و شاخصههای تولیدات زرین فام کرمان در مقایسه با نواحی دیگر تبیین شود. در مرحله نخست، طبقه بندی کاشیها صورت گرفت و با استناد به تاریخ 661 هجری در کتیبه یکی از کاشیها، تاریخ گذاری نسبی سایر نمونهها پیشنهاد شد. کتیبه کاشیها شامل اشعار و عبارات رایج در کاشیهای هم دوره در سایر نقاط ایران است. همچنین، احتمالا کاشیها در تختگاه قلعه دختر کاربرد ثانویه یافتهاند و کاربرد اولیه آنها مرتبط با بخشهای دیگر قلعه دختر یا بناهای قراختایی در کرمان است. نتایج آنالیز عنصری بدنه و لعاب 11 قطعه کاشی با روشهای میکروپیکسی و میکروسکوپ الکترونی و مقایسه با نتایج آنالیز سایر نمونههای ایران نشانگر برخی عناصر متفاوت در لعاب و خمیره کاشی هاست. از جمله منیزیم که تاکنون تنها در نمونههای قلعه دختر با درصد وزنی بالایی اندازهگیری شده و احتمالا از معادن درّه آشین در نزدیکی جیرفت تامین شده است. همچنین درصد وزنی عناصر زرین فامهای قلعه دختر و نواحی دیگر ایران تفاوتهای زیادی دارند. بنابراین به نظر میرسد مواد اولیه کاشیهای قلعه دختر بومی بوده و از استان کرمان تامین شده است. احتمالا هنرمندان جیرفت پس از رویدادهای سیاسی اواخر سده ششم و افول جیرفت در سده هفتم هجری، به کرمان مهاجرت نموده و به تولید زرین فام ادامه دادهاند.
A large amount of lusterwares and luster tiles has been found in the archaeological excavation and surveys during the last century. The lusterwares and luster tiles were among the luxurious and important objects in the Islamic lands, especially in the Islamic middle ages. The production of these cultural materials was only confined to a handful of individuals and a few centers. Although Kashan, Ray, Gorgan, Saveh, Sultanabad, Jiroft and Takht-e-Soleiman are labeled as the production centers of Lustreware and luster tiles in Iran, there only exists evidence of production in Kashan, Gorgan, Takht-e-Soleiman and Jiroft. Various pieces of luster tiles have also been found in southeastern Iran, including in Kerman. But the identification of their production centers are one of the problems of archeological studies in southeastern Iran. Over a hundred pieces of luster tiles were excavated in the restoration project of Qal’eh Dokhtar in Kerman, during 2016-2018 (figs. 2-3). In preliminary studies, based on the difference in the color of the glaze and the motifs it seemed that these tiles were produced in several workshops in different cities. While, they were discovered from a single archaeological context, and therefore the authors decided to do a compositional study with laboratory methods to find out the differences and similarities, and the production center(s) of them. The first purpose of the research on these tiles is to explain the similarities and differences of the glaze and paste of the luster tiles of Qal’eh Dokhtar with the samples from other parts of Iran, based on stylistic and typological studies, and identify the center of production. The second purpose is to explain the role of Kerman in the production and use of these lusters. Accordingly, two questions here are that what are the characteristic features of the luster tiles of Qal’eh Dokhtar and what are the contents of the motifs and their inscriptions? Are these tiles from one center of production or are they related to several workshops? Where are the origins and sources of raw materials of these tiles? The tiles were classified based on macroscopic and apparent features in four groups: “octagonal star tiles”, “crucifix tiles”, “square tiles for vast surfaces” and “rectangle tiles for borders” and the features of these groups were explained. Then, the relative dating of the other samples was done based on an inscription on a tile that reads: in 661 AH/1263 CE (Fig. 2, Sample No. 3). The inscription of the luster tiles of Qal’eh Dokhtar also showed that they include poems and common phrases written on Concurrent tiles in other parts of Iran including Takht-e-Soleiman. After the classification and typology and reading the inscriptions, eleven tiles have been chosen as the samples for chemical and microscopic analysis, based on the characteristics of the luster and motifs. These tiles have been analyzed by Micro-PIXE, and SEM-EDX. Then, chemical-mineralogical compositions of the paste and glaze in microscopic scales studied. The results of the analysis of the paste and glaze indicated that there are different elements in the luster and paste of the samples of Qal’eh Dokhtar and other regions of Iran including Kashan, Ray, Takht-e-Soleiman and Gorgan. In other words, mineralogical and chemical characterizations suggest that the common elements in the luster tiles of Qal’eh Dokhtar are dissimilar to the other areas. Magnesium is the element of which was detected only in the samples of Qal’eh Dokhtar at high weight percentages (about 6 wt. %) and likely its mines exist in Ashin Valley around Jiroft. Furthermore, common elements in the luster tiles of Qal’eh Dokhtar and samples of the other areas have different weight percentages. Therefore, it seems that the raw materials of the luster tiles of Qal’eh Dokhtar have been provided from the Kerman periphery as “Iran’s Paradise of Mines”. Probably, after the decline of Jiroft due to the political and social events, the craftsmen of Jiroft immigrated to Kerman due to the prosperity and development of Kerman under the rule of Qara Khitai, during the 7th century AH/13th century CE, and they continued producing luster tiles there.