Abstract:
جستار حاضر برآنست که به بررسی و تحلیل اپیکوریسم در شعر انوری ببپردازد. اپیکوریسم که از نام فیلسوفی یونانی به نام اپیکور برگرفته شده، اسم مکتبی است که بر اساس لذّتگرایی شکل گرفته است. لذّت مورد نظر اپیکور، عبارت بود از فقدان الم. مهمترین مبانی اندیشهی اپیکور عبارتند از؛ گزینش معقولانهی لذّات، دوام و بقای لذّات، ترجیح لذّات روحی بر لذّات جسمی، ارضای امیال طبیعی و ضروری، رسیدن به آرامش روانی، اغتنام فرصت، قابل تغییر بودن تقدیر و قناعت. دراین پژوهش نگارنده در پی پاسخ دادن به این پرسش است که آیا میتوان مطابق مؤلفههای مکتب اپیکور، انوری را اپیکوریست دانست؛ چرا که آنگونه که از سرودههای وی برمیآید، انوری جزء آن دسته از شاعرانی است که زندگی شاد و لذّتآوری داشته است و اندیشههای اخلاقی او در ظاهر بیشباهت به آراء اپیکور نیست. به منظور پاسخدادن به پرسش پژوهش، دیوان انوری با توجه به مؤلفههای مکتب مورد بحث به شیوهی استقرای تام و دادههای پژوهش با استفاده از شیوه توصیفی ـ تحلیلی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. حاصل تحقیق بیانگر آنست که اندیشههای اخلاقی انوری؛ در شاخصههایی مثل دم غنیمت شمردن، بهرهمندی از ابزار و شیوههای حصول لذّت، تغییرپذیربودن سرنوشت، قناعت و تحمّل رنجها برای رسیدن به لذّت پایدار با فلسفهی اپیکور منطبق است.
Introduction This article examines Epicurus's pleasures in Anvari's poetry. Epicurus is a Greek philosopher who was born in 341 BC -seven years after Plato's death- on the Samos Island located in the Aegean Sea (between the Greek Peninsula and Anatolia). He founded Epicureanism school in Athens in 306 B.C. based on hedonism. With all objections to his ideas he enjoyed and boasted of his ideas for the rest of his life (Mosaheb, 1351, page 351 and Kerson, 1363, page 134,245). Epicurus found out that purpose of human life is happiness and since he believed certainty was only possible through the senses, we must refer to nature in order to define happiness. Therefore, we would find that nature with all power is seeking for pleasure and escapes from pain and so pleasure is good and suffering is evil. In this regard, man need to listen to his nature inner voice and seek pleasure (that reference, 54). In Anvari’s poems there is some evidence which shows his poems are not unlike Epicurus hedonism thoughts so that some experts know him as an epicurean due to paying less attention to transcendental senses and material and believing that pinnacle of virtue in wisdom is enjoying of moment and seizing opportunity (carpe diem) (Shafiee Kadkani, 1389:115). The purpose of this study is to inspect and analyze Anvari's poetry from a comparative perspective based on Epicurus philosophy and thoughts especially Hedonism in order to be explored and clarified more thoroughly. The article seeks to answer the question whether, according to the elements of the Epicurean school, Anvari can be called an epicurean or not. As it comes from his poems, Anvari was one of those poets who had a happy and enjoyable life whose ethical thoughts are not unlike Epicurus views. Research Methodology In order to answer the research question, the author first explains Epicurus's idea, and then regarding to the elements of the school in question, discusses the whole Anvari's book of poem (divan) by means of complete induction approach. Then, by analyzing this idea in Anvari's speech in an analytic -descriptive way, some examples of this poet's poetry were extracted and reasons for his tendency to cheerfulness and pleasure have been rooted. Discussion In the introduction of this study, after a brief description of Epicurus's life, definition of Epicureanism school and its basis which is mainly grounded in pleasure is dealt with. In the next section -explanation of Epicurus's theory of pleasure- first, it is dealt with that Epicurus put forward his “Atomic Theory” to explain and substantiate his views. In Epicurus perspective, this theory, which is based on principles like simplicity of atoms, the tendency and deviation of atoms and their indecomposability can diminish anxieties arising from the belief in fate and destiny, the will of the gods as well as the fear of death. Therefore, it brings humankind tranquility and inner peace necessary for a pleasant life. In the following discussion, some of the most fundamental concepts of Epicurus hedonistic theory are briefly discussed. Rational choice of pleasures, durability and survival of pleasures, preference of spiritual pleasures over physical ones, satisfaction of natural and essential desires, attaining mental peace, seizing opportunity, and changeability of destiny and contentment. In the next section, analysis of Anvari's poetry based on Epicurus's theory, examples of his poems were examined in categories such as seize of opportunity, belief in the power of destiny change, tolerance of suffering to attain supreme pleasure and contentment. In seize of opportunity section, through mentioning examples of his poetry, two following questions were answered: Why did Anvari describe seize of opportunity? and What tools or ways did he resort to enjoy the moments of his life? Conclusion In conclusion section, by means of comparing Anvari's thought with Epicurus's hedonistic school of thought, it became clear that Anvari is a hedonist and so there are similarities between his thought and Epicurus thinking. In seizing opportunity discussion, Anvari, like Epicurus, argues that longevity is not important, and that whenever human is alive, they should make the most of their life. He believes pinnacle of virtue in wisdom is enjoying of moment and seizing opportunity. Anvari seeks pleasure by resorting to tools such as bacchanal, organizing night parties with playing musical instruments, barbecue, colorful foods and sexual pleasure. According to Epicurus, if ways of obtaining pleasure are reasoned and not excessive, providing them will bring pleasure. In the category of fate and destiny, Anvari's point of view is consistent with Epicurus philosophy as well. Although Anvari is a determinist in this regard, he believes that man is capable of changing their destiny. In the case of tolerating suffering for lasting and supreme pleasure when Anvari is confronted with the beloved's indifference and cruelty this behavior impels him to hope for union and attaining ultimate pleasure. In the case of contentment, both Epicurus and Anvari in their remarks, talks considerably about it. 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