Abstract:
چکیده ادبیات غنی ایران، مملو از موضوعات روانشناسی است. یکی از این موضوعات، خطاهای شناختی میباشد. پژوهش حاضر با هدف تعیین خطاهای شناختی براساس نظریه آرون تیبک در دیوان ناصرخسرو و تشخیص پربسامدترین خطاها و تحریفات شناختی در دیوان این شاعر است. براساس این پژوهش جامعه آماری و قلمرو تحقیق دیوان شعر شاعر مذکور بوده و روش کار تحلیلی- توصیفی از نوع تحلیل محتوا و به صورت اسنادی- کتابخانهای انجام گرفته است. ابزار گردآوری اطلاعات منابع و مآخذ کتابخانهای وبرگه نویسی بوده و تجزیه و تحلیل مطالب به صورت تحلیل کیفی صورت گرفته است. یافتههای و نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که: انواع خطاهای شناختی در دیوان شاعر دیده شده ولی خطای شناختی تعمیم افراطی در آن بیشتر بوده است. البته خطاهای فیلتر منفی، تفکر دوقطبی یا همه یا هیچ، برچسب زدن، پیشگویی و قضاوتگرایی هم در اشعارشاعر زیاد بوده است. خطای شخصیسازی، کمترین خطای قابل مشاهده در دیوان ناصر خسرو بوده و شاید دلیل آن، عقلمدارانه نگریستن وی به موضوعات بوده و اینکه، همواره خود و عقاید خود را درست می دانسته و بر آن اصرار داشته است. خطای تاسفگرایی بعنوان یک تفکر واقعبینانه در دیوان شاعر دیده شده و این شاید به دلیل مشکلاتی که در زندگی شاعر موجود بوده و نوع جهانبینی و دیدگاه وی باشد که همواره تاسف برگذشته داشته است.
IntroductionThe rich Iranian literature is full of psychological issues, one of which is cognitive errors. The link between psychology and literature has existed for a long time, and this interaction has become even greater today. One of the most important issues that should be considered in the field of literature is assigning a special place to interdisciplinary studies including psychology and literature. In psychological literature, literary works are analyzed based on psychological theories. The issue of cognition and cognitive errors is one of the most important debates in the field of psychology. The cognitive errors in the works of some Persian literary masters are one of the controversial topics that need special attention and research. Knowledge, attitude, thoughts, and worldview of an author is a consequential element that shapes the content of a literary work. The difference in the perception of the same situation and experience in the works of different authors is the result of this difference in attitude, in this way; each author mixes what he perceives from his environment with his attitude and writes it in the framework of a poem or a literary text. For instance, phenomena such as death, life, love, and hate are described with different characteristics in the works of different writers. The purpose of this research is to determine the cognitive errors based on the theory of Aaron T. Beck in Nasir-i-Khusraw's Diwan and to identify the most frequent cognitive errors and distortions in this poet's Diwan. Cognitive errors and distortions in Nasir-i-Khusraw's poems have been observed to some extent due to the worldview and attitude of this poet, and Nasir-i-Khusraw's rational approach to issues has become the main cause of such intensity of using cognitive errors in his poems.Methodology The utilized methodology in this recent research is analytical-descriptive of the type of content analysis and in document-library form, the statistical community, and the research area of Nasir-i-Khusraw's poetry library. Moreover, the means of collecting information are library sources and sources, and the analysis of the materials has been done in the form of qualitative analysis.Discussion Cognitive errors and distortions, which are among the most important debates in the field of psychology, are thoughts and intellectual backgrounds that cause a person to perceive facts in an indirect and distorted manner, which in the long term leads to a shift in people's opinions, attitudes and perspectives about the world and all its surroundings.According to Aaron T. Beck's theory, these errors are divided into 17 types, and in some references, 10 types of errors, comprised of Mind Reading, Future Telling, Catastrophizing, Over-Generalizing, Personalizing, Blaming, Should, Regret Orientation, Negative Filter, Discounting Positives, Emotional Reasoning, dichotomous thinking, Labeling, Unfair Comparisons, judgment Focus, Ignoring Counter-Evidence, and What If cognitive errors.By studying Nasir-i-Khusraw's poems, much evidence is found that demonstrates a kind of pessimism, dissatisfaction, disappointment, the complaints of his historical era and its people, and other sad issues. What is the cause of such a sad atmosphere that casts a shadow on the poet's poems, is a topic worthy of research, which led the author to rely on the theory of "Cognitive Errors by Aaron T. Beck" - which is based on the relationship between depression and cognitive errors - in this Let's start searching in Divan poetry of the mentioned poet. Nasir-i-Khusraw is one of the most meaningful Persian poets whose philosophical thought system, is fundamentally based on the main purpose of poetry and literature is education, guidance, and advice. During the 11th century, the political unrest and the chaotic social conditions, which were the result of the rapid transformation of governments and related issues, made the need and created a significant demand to pay attention to moral discussions more obvious. The sensitivity to moral education reached its peak with the intensification of Ismaili activities in the fifth century.Education was so important in the eyes of Ismailia and Naser Khosrow that they were called people of education. From these aspects, it has been observed that Naser Khosrow's effort has always been based on this issue to call his audience to what is considered important according to his vision. Naser Khosrow's thoughts and views clearly can be observed in his poems and he always strived to behave at the same altitude he mentioned in his poems.In Nasir-i-Khusraw's Chakamahs, there are usually protesting verses addressed to the earth and the sky, God, the sky, fortune, and the people of his time. The frequency of complaints in Nasir-i-Khusraw poetry is high, but the quality and style of complaints in Nasir-i-Khusraw's Diwan, like many other themes and types of poetry, have found a unique form that directly originates from his special insight and ontology.His intention for these many complaints is not only for the sake of the current situation, but criticism for the purpose of reform and enlightenment, education, guidance, and personal and social reform. In this way, Nasir-i-Khusraw's complaints usually find a tone of instruction and advice. Since complaints can somehow be related to cognitive errors and include various types of cognitive errors, the examination of these poems will show us the cognitive errors in Nasir-i-Khusraw's poems, which was the meaning of the comment written in this research.Conclusion With the studies that have been conducted on Nasir-i-Khusraw's poems, much evidence was found that depicts a kind of pessimism, unhappiness, disillusionment, complaints of his historical era and its people, and other disastrous issues. On the other hand, factors such as bitter life events and depression, probably, cause a person's pessimistic attitude towards himself, his performance, others, the surrounding environment, the future, and ultimately the universe. Based on the research conducted in the poems of Nasir-i-Khusraw's Diwan, it has been observed that Labeling and Over-Generalizing cognitive errors are been observable in a significant portion of Nasir-i-Khusraw's Diwan. In fact, along with every cognitive error, the poet also makes a labeling error. Both Negative Filter and Dichotomous Thinking cognitive errors are also very considerable. The error of Judgment Focus is often seen due to fact of ignoring the evidence that contradicts the poet's thinking, and the poet associates his judgments with labeling, sometimes blaming and extreme generalization, and even prophesying and bipolar thinking. It has been seen to a significant extent. Catastrophizing error has also been relatively observed, which is mostly associated with labeling. The Blaming cognitive errors can be observed in an equal and average proportion. The error of Mind Reading is seen in a small portion, compared to other cognitive errors, and the error of Personalizing (self-blame) and selective abstraction, which could be categorized as a part of Negative Filter cognitive error, are the least conceivable cognitive errors in Nasir-i-Khusraw's Diwan, and perhaps the reason is his rational approach to the issues. That he always believed himself and his opinions to be right and insisted on them. The error of Regret Orientation has been observed as a realistic thought in the poet's poems because Nasir-i-Khusraw has always regretted the past because of the problems that have arisen for him during his life and also because of his worldview and perspective. Poems that are the result of Nasir-i-Khusraw's realistic thoughts can be seen everywhere in his poems, especially in the parts that refer to fate, predestination, or free will, or when he deals with the world and the lack of loyalty and kindness in it, or when he talks about people's fear of death. He points out that it is quite evident that some facts are unavoidable and sometimes distinguishing these facts from cognitive errors requires thinking and consulting with several referees, which was one of the limitations of the present research, without reservation.