Machine summary:
Speaking about the commercial progress in Muslim Spain, Colmeiro, a great economist of the I gth century, says : "In short, the 'Arab Spain maintains direct and frequent commercial relations with Italy, Morocco, North Africa, Egypt, Greece and Syria and indirect one with other parts of Central Africa and several regions of Europe and Asia, without excluding India and China" 1 • With the Muslim countries the Spanish Muslims them- .
4" In the following pages a study is made of the commercial relations of Spain with 'Iraq, Persia, Khurasan, China and India.
Among the famous 'Iraqi merchants who came to Spain for trade, were <Abd al-' Aziz b.
Razayq of Batalyus nicknamed Abu 'Abd Allah known as Ibn al-Ghashi originally hailed from Merida.
He was a wise and learned merchant and went to the East with his brother 'Abd al-Malik and visited Egypt and Baghdad.
He went for trade to the East, visited Egypt, Makkah and 'Iraq and came back to Spain.
Asbagh al-Hajri, nicknamed Abu Muhammad of Seville, went on pilgrimage to Makkah, but trade was his chief concern and he visited Baghdad, where he also attended the lectures of many teachers.
al-'Ayn of Cordova, nicknamed Abu Muhammad, visited 'Iraq for trade.
Visiting Egypt as a merchant, he came to Spain in 463H (1071 A.
'Abd Allah of Khurasan came to Andalus 39 before Ibn al-Faradi died (1013 A.
'Abd al-Malik of Cordova, nicknamed Abu al-Asbagh and known as Ibn al-Saffar, went to the East.