چکیده:
Managers are divided into 4 categories based on how they are selected and appointed by top-level managers: 1-Intra-organizational 2-Extra-organizational 3-Supra-organizational 4-Sub-organizational. In this paper, while defining each of the above terms, the performance and effectiveness of intra-organizational managers are compared with extra-organizational managers. While explaining the advantages and disadvantages of each, the problems arising from the misselection of managers and their consequences and requirements are stated.
خلاصه ماشینی:
One of the practical effects of piety in a position of responsibility is that the manager does not act hastily when problems arise, but rather faces problems with necessary tranquility and patience, and inner piety prevents their anxiety and spiritual instability, as Ali (AS) has said regarding the attributes of the pious: «نزلت انفسهم منهم فی البلاء کالتی نزلت فی الرخاء1» Also, one of the useful results of piety in the field of action is that it increases the self-confidence and self-control of officials; Islamic managers with piety possess a strong refuge and a sincere insurer like God, and naturally, with a heart full of hope, passion, and fervor, they rush to meet heavy and exhausting tasks and fulfill all of them with the grace of Almighty God. Another effect of piety in practice is that God grants the power of correct discernment and right decision-making to the pious person.
Understanding organizational complexities requires sufficient knowledge of the laws, goals, programs, and previous performance of the organization, and an extra-organizational manager has less information in this regard compared to an intra-organizational manager.
Due to the lack of sufficient information in the aforementioned areas, an extra-organizational manager will usually face problems from the moment of entering the organization for some time, and until this deficiency is resolved, he will adopt one of two possible positions: either he begins decision-making with a specific courage from the moment of entry, which leads to guesswork, rework, waste of time and cost, and deviation from the organization's goals; or...
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