Abstract:
بررسی آثار ارزشمند حـوزة ادبیـات فارسـی و پدیـد آوردن آثـاری در ارتبـاط بـا ادب، سیاسـت ، روان شناسی ، فلسفه ، و علوم نوپایی مانند مدیریت نشاندهندة این نکتة مهم است کـه ادبیـات تنهـا به حوزة احساس و ذوق تعلق ندارد؛ بلکه میدانگاه وسیعی از تجربه های حسی مبتنـی بـر واقعیـات عینی است . بیشتر نظریه پردازان علم مدیریت ، در تعریف این واژه بر اصول سـازماندهی ، انگیـزش، کنترل و برنامه ریزی تأکید کرده اند. در این جستار با بررسی اصول مـدیریتی فردوسـی در شـاهنامه و تطبیق آنها با هرم سلسله نیازهای مزلو- که یکی از مباحث مهم مدیریت علمی است - بـه ایـن نتیجه رسیدهایم که فردوسی به میزان قابل توجهی با اصول مـدیریتی آشـنا بـوده و کوشـیده اسـت امور را بر پایة این اصول و با توجه به نیازهای اساسی انسان سازماندهی کند و بهتـرین تـصمیم را متناسب با شرایط موجود به اجرا درآورد ، شایسته ترین افراد را به کار گیـرد و بـا احاطـة کامـل بـر اوضاع حاکم ، این افراد را با توجه به نیازشان برانگیزد و با برنامه ریزی صحیح کنترل کنـد و آنـان را در راستای اهداف کلی حکومت قرار دهد. دیدگاههای ممتاز و مـدیریت برتـرمـنش فردوسـی ، بـا توجه به ارتباط مستقیم و انکارناپذیر مدیریت و فرهنگ ملت ها مـی توانـد الگـویی قابـل ملاحظـه برای مدیران امروزی باشد.
Introduction: An investigation into valuable works of Persian literature and works related to literature، politics، psychology، philosophy، and new sciences such as management indicates that literature does not just belong to the area of emotions and taste، but rather it covers a broad scope of sensory experiences based on objective facts.
Since Firdausi''s Shahname is a proper context for researchers who are interested in interdisciplinary studies such as literature and management science، particularly human resources، researchers have sought to raise Firdausi''s top management attitudes regarding the direct and undeniable relationship of management and culture and introduce it as a significant pattern for today''s managers.
Methodology: Authors have selected descriptive-analytic method for the present study. Exploring some information related to four basic dimensions of management definition and investigation of Maslow''s needs pyramid، some verses of Firdausi''s Shahname which have had direct relation with raised principles have been selected as evidence to indicate in a scientific and documented way that Firdausi has had a notable attitude toward this new science.
Discussion: Given the richness of Persian literature، authors have always tried to match the agreed definition of management science from management scholars'' point of view with Maslow''s needs hierarch pyramid and Firdausi''s management patterns in order to investigate the clear and effective relationship between literature and management. An investigation into Firdausi''s Shahname indicates that governmental plans of Shahname kings have the scientific features of providence، continuity، flexibility، and time management. Governors'' providence-based planning indicates the presence of strategies based on community''s discretion which can reflect transformations in the form of a lasting process to achieve goals. The second principle is organization which is implemented through task division، delegation of authorityregarding the expertise of employer، organizational hierarchy and unity of command. In Shahname، everyone knows his/her responsibilities and governors can use existing sources in management system in a correct way. People are selected carefully and social levels are formed in a regular framework. Another principle which is particularly considered by Firdausi is motivation. This attitude is the result of Firdausi''s attention to human resources. Respect to human is present all over Shahname. Shahname governors seek to create motivation in people، so that they in turn do their best for community''s health. Every manager who wants to be successful in this area has to be aware of human needs. The best pattern in new science is Maslow theory which is matched with Shahname atmosphere. In Shahname، addressing people''s primary needs is considered one of governmental tasks and their security as well as peace of mind is considered in kings'' programs. Communication and a sense of belonging take place based on respect; so that popular people always want to be more than a simple member. Giving honor and self-confidence to subordinates and financial as well as spiritual rewards are strategies used to increase people''s motivation. The last principle is control. This process is associated with ensuring that activities done are matched with planned objectives. Shahname kings continuously get information about their territories. They research about reports received and deal with violators firmly and without bias. Supervision is followed seriously and directly or indirectly based on the time and place. This principle is so important for the kings that sometimes they act themselves to collect information and collected information is never useless. It should be noted that supervision is more focused on close relatives and this is a management advantage in Shahname. These methods lead to fostering of people''s potential talents and characters such as Zal، Rostan، Siavash، Piran ، and Aghrirath who prefer group benefits to their own live happily and with pride. Firdausi pays attention to other issues such as consultation with wise people، public justice، correct selection based on qualifications along with avoidance of gossipers who lack knowledge and flexibility in order to make his ideal land.
Conclusion: Firdausi has the following pattern in his management strategies:
- Managers should be long-sighted and provident people who see tomorrow from now and who have a broad scope of attitudes.
- They should avoid giving big tasks to small and ignoble people and ask help from efficient and noble people. When the works are done by experts، Gods blesses appear and when works are done by inexperienced and infidels chaos will spread all over the world.
- Social security is due to social justice that can be achieved by having fair and regulated managers at top of organizational pyramid.
- Employees'' motivation should be increased in order to perform organizational works better. Fair and thoughtful rewards will lead to better attitudes toward manager and can help in achieving organizational goals.
- Manager''s attention to individuals'' needs guarantee his success in achieving objectives.
- If managers don’t respect active، freethinking، religious،، and faithful people – even if they don’t agree on some matters- and don’t avoid those who are greedy for office، they won''t be able to improve their organizational system.
- They shouldn’t ignore their subordinates، but rather they should respect all human beings as active members.
- They should believe that improvement of knowledge level and wisdom of staff will bring national dignity.
Machine summary:
"میرابی در مدیریت مبانی و استارتژی، با جمع بندی نظریات چند تن از بزرگان این علم ، مدیریت را کار کردن با منابع انسانی و مالی و فیزیکی جهت دست یابی به اهداف سازمان توسط برنامه ریزی، سازماندهی ، رهبری و کنترل عملیات معرفی کرده و مدیریت را مهمترین منبع برای توسعة ملت ها و عبارت از تصمیم - گیری در زمان مناسب ، با افراد مناسب در جایی که فعالیت در آن جریان دارد دانسته است (١٣٨٢: ١٠) .
در این جستار کوشیده شده است با تطبیق اصول سازماندهی ، انگیزش، کنتـرل و برنامـه ریـزی - کـه بیشتر نظریه پردازان این علم در تعریف واژة مدیریت به آن اشارهای داشـته انـد - بـا شـاهنامة فردوسـی و بررسی شباهت نظریات فردوسی با نظریات آبراهام مزلو 4 (١٩٠٨ - ١٩٧٠) روانشناس امریکایی و بنیـان- گذار جنبش انسانگرایی در روانشناسی کمال، در هرم سلسله نیازهای مزلو که در دهه های ١٩٦٠ و ١٩٧٠ محبوبیت فراوانی کسب کرد و امروزه نیز در حوزههای عملی و محیط های شـغلی بـه کـار مـ رود و بـه صورت مستقیم با اصل انگیزش که تمام صاحب نظران علم مدیریت بـر آن وحـدت نظـر دارنـد، مـرتبط است ، رابطة بین ادبیات و مدیریت نشان داده شود.
در تفکر فردوسی حتی دشمنی که خدمتی ارزنده انجام داده است نباید از این گونه الطاف بی بهره باشد؛ چنان که منشور حکومت مازندران با میانجیگری رستم به اولاد داده می شود: تهمــــتن چنــــین گفــــت بــــا شــــهریار کـــه هـــر گونـــه ای مـــرد آیـــد بـــه کـــار مــــرا ایــــن هنرهــــا ز اولاد خواســــت کـــه بـــر هـــر ســـویی راه بنمـــود راســـت بـــــه مازنـــــدران دارد اکنـــــون امیـــــد چنـــــین دادمـــــش راســـــتی را نویـــــد چــــو بــــشنید گفتــــار خــــسروپرست بــــه بــــر زد جهانــــدار بیــــدار دســــت ســـپرد آن زمـــان تخـــت شـــاهی بـــدوی وز آنجــــا ســــوی پــــارس بنهــــاد روی [ (همان : ٦٢."