Abstract:
چکیده
یکی از ظروف شیشهای دوران اسلامی، ظروفی با بدنه استکانی میان باریک یا گلابی شکل با کف گرد و دارای آبریز بلند لولها ی شکل هستند که کمتر شناخته و مطالعه شدهاند. سه کاربرد برای اینگونه ظروف پیشنهاد شده است. بادکش یا شاخ حجامت در پزشکی، انبیق در آزمایشهای شیمیایی یا کیمیاگری و یا ظرفی که در داروسازی و تولید مواد آرایشی و عطرسازی، برای ترکیب مواد و انتقال از طریق لوله آن به دارودان یا عطردان یا ظرف ویژه مواد آرایشی به کار میرفته است. به نظر می رسد که اگر ظرف از دهانه بر روی زمین نهاده شود و لوله آن در جهت مخالف بدنه کاملاً به بالا خمیده و بلندتر از بدنه باشد، می توان کاربرد آن را بادکش یا شاخ حجامت و یا ظرف ترکیب دارو، مواد آرایشی و عطر، پیشنهاد کرد و اگر لوله آن کاملاً کشیده و عمود به بدنه و یا اندکی خمیده باشد، میتواند هر سه کاربرد یاد شده را برای آن فرض کرد. تا حدودی، شرح و تصاویر متون دوره اسلامی در شناخت کاربرد این ظروف راهگشا هستند. از آنجا که تاکنون به ویژه در ایران، هیچگاه نهشته های درون چنین ظروفی، تجزیه و تحلیل نشده تا عملاً روشن شود چه کاربردی داشته اند، برای نخستین بار، این فرآیند در مورد یکی از اینگونه ظروف که دارای لوله کشیده است و در مخزن موزه آبگینهها و سفالینههای ایران نگهداری می شود، با روش کروماتوگرافی گازی کوپل شده با طیف سنج جرمی ((GC-MS انجام گرفت که موفق به ردیابی بقایای مواد طبیعی نظیر تیمول و کارواکرول گردید که این مواد از اجزا اصلی تشکیل دهنده اسانس های طبیعی نظیر آویشن و مرزه میباشند و در بسیاری از عرقیجات قابل تشخیص هستند، این ظرف، به عنوان انبیق برای تقطیر و استخراج مواد فرّار گیاهی و روغنی در داروسازی، تولید مواد آرایشی و عطرسازی، به کار رفته است.
During the Islamic periods, the containers characterized by narrow or pear-shaped glass-body with a round bottom and long drainage pipe or tube were known but nevertheless has been studied. There are three different hypothesis for applications of such containers. A cupping glass(Shakh-i hajamat) for phlebotomize in medicine, Alembic for chemical or alchemical experiments, or containers for pharmaceuticals and the production of cosmetics and perfumes which has been used for making the materials and transfer them through tubes, or perfume containers as particular container for cosmetics. It seems that if the container is placed from the opening on a surface, then its pipe is wholly bent in the opposite direction of the body. It is taller than the body, it could be used or applied as a cupping glass for phlebotomize in medicine or as a container for materials in medications, cosmetics and perfumery. If the pipe is entirely straight and perpendicular to the body or slightly curved, it could be used for all three applications mentioned above.
In Islamic periods, the Arabic word of KIMIA (elixir) was synonymous with alchemy and chemistry in the viewpoint of technology, and therefore includes a variety of processes, including distillation of herbs and medicinal oils, perfumes and rosewater, and fragrant oils and other substances. Some of tools and equipment used for alchemy have been made of glass like the Distiller. There have been many pacts for using these kinf of container in the Islamic literature written by Abu Musa Jaber Ibn Hayyan (Around 721 to 815 AD) and Abū Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyyā al-Rāzī (865 to 923 AD) ho were known as greatest scientists in the history of chemistry and chemical technology in the Islamic world. Their scientific and practical works have had a great impact on the scientists and researchers of the next generations, including Muslims and Europeans. Many methods, such as distillation and all kinds of basic related tools, such as Cucurbit (qar’a) and Alembic(al-inbīq) have been attributed to Jabir Ibn Hayyan. However, al-Razi in his book Kitab al-asrar or Secret of alchemy, among the tools and devices for chemical processing (Tadbir) and distillation (Taqtir), has mentioned to them and studied the Cucurbit and Alembic with an outlet pipe, a distilled liquid container, Recipient(qabila) and a blind Alembic (without an outlet pipe) (anbiq alchr('39')aemaa).
As a matter of fact, the chemical composition of materials inside such containers discovered in Iran has not been considered yet. It is a critical issue for the characterization and application of these containers. For the first time, one of such containers with a long and straight tube which was kept in the Glassware and Ceramic Museum of Iran has been analyzed and processed by the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS). The analysis of chemical compounds detected in this container revealed that it had been exposed to essential oil, and natural oils for a long time (Fig 7). The GC-MS analysis of the washing solution led to the identification of 22 substances. The main identified compounds were: thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene and γ-terpinene, and fatty acids (palmitic acid and stearic acid) and a significant number of substances of the waxes groups. Thymol and carvacrol are the main substances of natural essential oils of Thyme, Savory and Marjoram. Also, the findings of our analysis have proved the contact of the above-mentioned container with natural essential oils, especially thyme. The ingredients found in this container could be recognizable in many distillates. So, it can suggest that the container has been used as an Alembic for distillation and extraction of vegetable and volatile oil substances in pharmacy, cosmetics and perfumes. More analysis in the future on the contaminated materials within such containers can give more clues and advantages for clarifying the more possible application of these containers.