Abstract:
هرگونه اقدام مؤثر و مفید برای مبارزه با فساد در هر کشوری در گرو اشراف همه جانبه بر این پدیده از جهات مختلف اجتماعی، فرهنگی، اقتصادی، سیاسی و حقوقی است. همچنین یک جنبة مهم مطالعه در این حوزه میتواند جنبة تاریخی قضیه باشد که تحولات تاریخی مفهوم و ماهیت پدیدة فساد را بررسی کند. چنین مطالعهای یکی از ابزارهای لازم برای تحقیق جامع در خصوص آثار فساد و چگونگی مبارزه با آن است. ما در این مقاله سعی کردهایم صرفاً به گوشهای از این جنبة تاریخی بپردازیم. روش تحقیق در این مقاله مبتنی بر تحلیل متون تاریخی است که در قالب آن به مفهومشناسی مقوله فساد در گفتمان تاریخی پرداختهایم. نتیجه این تحقیق آن است که فساد در طول تاریخ مفهوم واحدی نداشته است و در سیر تحولات تاریخی شاهد تحولات مهمی در معرفتشناسی فساد هستیم. مطالعة این تحولات بستر خوبی برای طراحی مدلی برای مبارزه با فساد بهوجود خواهد آورد.
Today, the study of "corruption" as a complex and tangible phenomenon is considered an important and fundamental issue in all countries. It can be said that the phenomenon of corruption is more or less present in all countries, but what is important is that the effect of corruption in today's world can't be limited to the same country that suffers from the phenomenon of corruption. That is why international institutions, with the support and insistence of countries that are less involved in this phenomenon, seek to take concrete and effective measures in all countries to fight corruption. Obviously, any effective and useful action in any country depends on comprehensive mastery of this phenomenon from various social, cultural, economic, political and legal aspects. Also, an important aspect of the study in this field can be the historical aspect of the case, which examines the historical developments of the concept and nature of the phenomenon of corruption. Such a study is one of the tools needed for a comprehensive study of the effects of corruption and how to combat it. In this article, we have tried to address only a corner of this historical aspect. 1.IntroductionHistorical study is one of the necessary tools for comprehensive research on the effects of corruption and how to fight it. In the category of historical study, one of the debatable topics is the concept of corruption. In other words, in what sense corruption was used in the past? Conceptually, what is the difference between corruption in the present day and corruption in ancient times? From when exactly did the epistemological transformation in this regard take place? Also, what is the difference between behaviors that are considered corruption today and corrupt behaviors in ancient times? What is the difference between the discourse governing the category of corruption in ancient times and the discourse governing it in the current era? 2.MethodologyBasically, one of the research methods in human sciences and especially in the field of law is the historical method. In fact, the historical study of a legal or political phenomenon or issue is one of the best methods to accurately and completely identify that category in the field of science. Without a historical study, the full dimensions of that phenomenon cannot be explored. Corruption is one of these issues and phenomena. We should be able to find out its conceptual and practical developments by looking at the ancient times and the history of this phenomenon over time, so that we can better comment on its current state. Therefore, for the first time in Persian research on the issue of corruption and fighting it, we have turned to a historical study and research and we have tried to examine the issue from this approach. Therefore, the research method in this article is based on the analysis of historical texts, in the form of which we have discussed the concept of the category of corruption in the historical discourse. 3.Results and DiscussionThe result of this research is that corruption has not had a single concept throughout history, and in the course of historical developments, we are witnessing important developments in the epistemology of corruption. In other words, it can be claimed that, historically, there are a few things to ponder about corruption. First, corruption has always existed throughout history. Second, the definition of corruption has been changed over time. In other words, what was considered corruption in ancient times may have been very different from the concept of corruption in later times or times close to the current time. Thirdly, in the distant past, corruption was not considered a reprehensible matter, but on the contrary, corruption was a value, and failure to provide grounds for corruption by the people or governmental and judicial authorities was considered a type of deviance and reprehensible behavior. Of course, even today there are views based on which corruption is not a bad thing and some corruptions is necessary for economic development, but in general, the basis of these views are significantly different from each other. Fourthly, in the past, corruption was less considered in connection with political power and more in the relationship between people with each other or their God or at the highest level in the relationship between people with the judicial system, but today it is almost the opposite, the main Corruption debates are formed in connection with political power and one of the most important concerns of people and benevolent people is to remove the stain of corruption from the skirts of power and the greatest damage of corruption is due to its connection with power and political centers towards people and countries. 4.ConclusionsIt is not bad to point out that although the study of these developments will provide a good basis for designing a model to fight corruption, this can only be achieved when there is a will to fight corruption. It is not necessary to mention that there is no such will in some governments and this issue may have various reasons. 5.Selection of ReferencesBusheh, Roger (1995), “Aristotle's Authoritarianism”, translation. Sefatullah Ghasemi, Journal of Political and Economic Information, No. 97 and 98, pp. 29-37 [ In Persian].Plutarc (1964), Lives of famous men, translation. Reza Meshaikhi, first volume, book translation and publishing company, Tehran.[In Persian]Jafari, Mojtaba (2015), “Basics and Principles of Criminal Liability of Legal Entities in Iran's Islamic Penal Code”, Research Journal of Criminal Law, No. 14, pp. 7-32 [In Persian ].Karmi, Mohammad Baqer (2001), an introduction to the penal system of ancient Iran (appendix), Third Line Publications, Tehran. [In Persian].Asch, Ronald G. (1999), Corruption and punishment? The rise and fall of Mattaus Enzlin (1556–1613), lawyer and favourite. In J. H. Elliott & L. W. B. Brockliss (Eds), The world of the favourite (pp. 6–111). New Haven: Yale University PressBruce Buchan (2012), Changing Contours of Corruption in Western Political Thought, in: Corruption: Expanding the Focus, ANU Press.Bruce Buchan and Lisa Hill (2014), An intellectual History of political corruption, Palgrave Macmillan.Carlo Alberto Brioschi (2017), Corruption; A short history, Brookings Institution Press.Harding, Robert. (1981), Corruption and the moral boundaries of patronage in the Renaissance. In G. F. Lytle & S. Orgel (Eds), Patronage in the Renaissance (pp. 47–64). Princeton: Princeton University Press.John Thomas Noonan (1984), Bribes, University of California Press.
Machine summary:
اما آنچه در همه جا مشترک است اين است کـه فسـاد بـا لطمـه هاي اقتصادي که به کشورها ميزند تمام بنيان هاي اخلاقي جامعه را سست و دچار پوسيدگي ميکنـد و بياعتمادي مردم به نظام سياسي و اقتصادي را به دنبـال دارد (جعفـري، ١٣٩٥: ١٣).
البتـه امـروزه هـم ديدگاه هايي وجود دارد که بر مبناي آنها فساد خيلي هم چيز بدي نيسـت و وجـود مقـداري فسـاد براي توسعۀ اقتصادي لازم و ضروري است اما به طور کلي مبناي ايـن نگرش هـا بـا يکـديگر تفـاوت عمده اي دارند.
چهارم اينکه ، در گذشته فساد کمتر در ارتباط با قـدرت سياسـي مـورد توجـه قـرار ميگرفت و بيشتر در ارتباط بين افراد با يکديگر يا خداي خود يا در بالاترين درجه در ارتبـاط بـين افراد با دستگاه قضايي اين بحث مطرح ميشد اما امروزه تقريبا برعکس ، عمـده بحث هـاي فسـاد در ارتباط با قدرت سياسي شکل ميگيرد و يکي از مهم ترين دغدغه هاي مردم و انسـان هاي خيرخـواه پاک کردن لکه فساد از دامن قدرت است و بيشترين ضرر فساد هـم از ناحيـه ارتبـاط آن بـا مراکـز قدرت و سياست متوجه مردم و کشورها شده است .
قطعاً اين نوع مفاسد هم در کنار مفاسدي که ذکر رفت وجود داشت اما معرفت شناسي جديـد سـعي ميکـرد ارتباط بين فساد و مقولـه هاي کـم ارزشـي مثـل قربـاني دادن و پيشـکش را کنـار گذاشـته و وارد بحث هاي مهم تري مثل قدرت سياسي و اقتصادي و زمينه هايي کـه ايـن قـدرت بـراي شـکل گيري فساد ايجاد ميکند شود.