Abstract:
ﻋﺼﺮ ﺻﻔﻮﻳﻪ از ﻧﻈﺮ رﺷﺪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎت ﺑﻴﻦاﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ، ﻳﻜﻲ از دورهﻫﺎی ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗـﺎرﻳﺦ اﻳـﺮان ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻪ اﺳﺖ. در اﻳﻦ دوره، ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺖ ﺻﻔﻮی ﺑـﺮای ارﺗﺒـﺎط ﺑـﺎ دوﻟﺖﻫﺎی ﻏﺮﺑﻲ، اﻳﻦ دوﻟﺖﻫﺎ ﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ اوﺿﺎع ﭘﻴﺶ آﻣﺪه در ﻏـﺮب، ﺑـﻪ ﺷـﺮق ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ داﺷﺘﻨﺪ. اﻳﻦ ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎت ﻓﻘﻂ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻧﺒﻮد، ﺑﻠﻜﻪ اﻳﺠﺎد رواﺑﻂ ﺗﺠﺎری، ﺑـﻪوﻳـﮋه ﺑﺮای ﻛﻤﭙﺎﻧﻲﻫﺎی ﺗﺠﺎری ﺟﺪﻳﺪاﻟﺘﺄﺳﻴﺲ در ﺷـﺮق، اﻫﻤﻴـﺖ ﺧﺎﺻـﻲ داﺷـﺖ. اﻳـﻦﻛﻤﭙﺎﻧﻲﻫﺎ ﻣﺎﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺠﺎرت ﺑﺎ اﻳﺮان ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. از اﻳﻦ روی، ﺑﺮای ﭘﻴﺸﺒﺮد اﻣـﻮر ﺗﺠـﺎریﺧﻮد ﻣﺠﺒﻮر ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﻗﺮاری ارﺗﺒﺎط ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻣـﺎت درﺑـﺎری، ﻫﻤﭽـﻮن ﺻـﺪراﻋﻈﻢ،ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻓﻲ ﺧﺎﺻﻪ و ﺷﻪﺑﻨﺪر ﺑﻨﺪرﻋﺒﺎس ﺑﻮدﻧﺪ. از آﻧﺠﺎ ﻛﻪ اﻳﻦ اﻓﺮاد ﻧﻘﺸﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦﻛﻨﻨـﺪهدر ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎی ﺑﺎزرﮔﺎﻧﻲ، ﺑﻪوﻳﮋه ﻋﻘﺪ ﻗـﺮارداد و ﻛـﺴﺐ اﻣﺘﻴـﺎزات داﺷـﺘﻨﺪ، ﺟﻠـﺐﻧﻈﺮﺷﺎن اﻫﻤﻴﺘﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر داﺷﺖ. ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ اﻳﻦ، ﺟﻠﺐ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺣﺎﻛﻤﺎن ﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎی ﻗـﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ در ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺗﺠﺎرت، ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻛﺎرﺳﺎز ﺑﻮد. در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ، ﻛﻤﭙﺎﻧﻲﻫﺎ از ﻫﺮ وﺳـﻴﻠﻪای از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ، ﭘﻴﺶﻛﺶ و رﺷﻮه ﺳﻮد ﻣﻲﺟﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ اﻳـﻦ اﻓـﺮاد را ﺟﻠـﺐ و ﺣﺘـﻲ رﻗﺒﺎی ﺧﻮد را از دور ﺧﺎرج ﻛﻨﻨﺪ. در اﻳﻨﺠﺎ، اﻳﻦ ﭘﺮﺳﺶ ﻣﻄﺮح اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ »ﭘﻴﺸﻜﺶ ﭼﻪ ﺗـﺄﺛﻴﺮی در رواﺑـﻂ ﻣﻴـﺎن ﻛﻤﭙﺎﻧﻲﻫﺎی ﻫﻨﺪ ﺷﺮﻗﻲ و ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺖ ﺻﻔﻮی داﺷـﺘﻪ اﺳـﺖ؟« ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮ ﻗـﺮاﺋﻦ، ﺑـﻪ ﻧﻈـﺮﻣﻲرﺳﺪ ﭘﻴﺸﻜﺶ و ﻫﺪاﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﻧﻔﻮذ اﻳﻦ ﻛﻤﭙﺎﻧﻲﻫﺎ در ارﻛـﺎن دوﻟـﺖ و در ﻧﺘﻴﺠـﻪ،ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﺗﺠﺎرت آﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ اﻳﺮان ﻣﻲﺷﺪ و ﺑـﺎزار رﻗﺎﺑـﺖ ﻣﻴـﺎن ﻛﻤﭙـﺎﻧﻲﻫـﺎ را داغﺗـﺮ ﻣﻲﻛﺮد. ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ از ﻛﻤﭙﺎﻧﻲﻫﺎ ﺑﺮای رﺳﻴﺪن ﺑﻪ اﻣﻴـﺎل ﺧـﻮد، ﻣـﻲﻛﻮﺷـﻴﺪ ﭘﻴﺸﻜـﺸﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐﺗﺮ ﻫﺪﻳﻪ دﻫﺪ و اﻓﺮاد ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮی را ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮد ﻫﻤﺪاﺳﺘﺎن ﻛﻨﺪ. * اﺳﺘﺎدﻳﺎر داﻧﺸﮕﺎه اﻟﺰﻫﺮا)س( )(nozhat.ahmadi@gmail.com ** ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎس ارﺷﺪ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻳﺮان )(zareian_50@yahoo.com ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ: 91/01/98 ـ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﺗﺄﻳﻴﺪ: 42/11/09 62 ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ، ﺷﻤﺎره 7 در اﻳﻨﺠﺎ، ﻛﻮﺷﻴﺪهاﻳﻢ از ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻏﻴﺮ اﻳﺮاﻧﻲ ـﻛﻪ اﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﺑـﻪ اﻳـﻦ ﻣﻮﺿـﻮع ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪاﻧﺪ ـ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻛﻨﻴﻢ. ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ، ﻧﻘﺶ و ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻳﻦ ﻫﺪﻳﻪﻫﺎ را در ﭘﻴﺸﺒﺮد اﻫﺪاف ﻛﻤﭙﺎﻧﻲﻫﺎ در اﻳﺮان روﺷﻦ ﺧﻮاﻫﻴﻢ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ.
Safavid Era is one the most important period of Iran Medieval History from the perspective of development in International Cooperation.
In this period، both Safavid Reign and Western Authorities showed high willingness to make connection and bilateral cooperation.
These relations were not limited to political issues. On that period to make commercial relations، especially by the recent western companies in east، was very important. Those companies were eager to trade with Iran.
Thus، they were obliged to make connection with some Court Officials such as Sadr e A'zam، Mostofi e Khasseh and Shahbandar e Bandar e Abbas. Because those Officials were playing an important role in commercial activities، especially in signing of contracts and endowment of privileges، therefore it was very important to draw their attention. In addition، to get the support of governors of the cities which located in the path of those trades was very useful.
As a result، the companies used every means such as gifts and bribes to get support from those Officials to reach their goals، even to throw their rivals from the field.
The question of this paper is about the influence of gifts on the relation of East India Companies and Safavid Reign.
Based upon evidence، it seems gifts paved the way of dominance over the government bodies and thus development of these companies' trades in Iran and enhance the level of competition of these companies in Iran.
Each of those companies tried to donate more convenient gifts and to accompany more figures to achieve its goals.
Machine summary:
ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻣﺘﻴﺎزات دو ﻛﻤﭙﺎﻧﻲ اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ و ﻫﻠﻨﺪی، ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﮔﻔﺖ ﺑﻪرﻏـﻢ ﺗـﻼش ﺑـﺴﻴﺎر ﻫﻠﻨﺪیﻫﺎ ﺑﺮای ﻧﻔﻮذ در درﺑﺎر ﺻﻔﻮی و ﺟﻠﺐ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻣﺎت درﺑﺎری درﺑﺎرهی ﺷﻴﻮهی اﻫـﺪای ﻫﺪاﻳﺎ، ﮔﻮﻳﺎ اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ اﻣﺘﻴﺎزات ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ، ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮی را در اﻳﻦ زﻣﻴﻨـﻪ ﻛـﺴﺐ ﻛﺮدﻧﺪ.
The Politics of Trade in Safavid Iran, pp 83 ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ، ﺷﻤﺎره 7 در ﺳﺎل 3501 ﻫ ق/3461م ﺑﻪﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺖ ورود ﺷﺎه ﺑﻪ اﺻﻔﻬﺎن، ﺟﺸﻨﻲ در اﺻﻔﻬﺎن ﺑﺮﭘـﺎ ﺷـﺪه ﺑﻮد.
III, pp ﭘﻴﺸﻜﺶ و ﻧﻘﺶ آن در رواﺑﻂ اﻳﺮان ﺑﺎ ﻛﻤﭙﺎﻧﻲﻫﺎی ﻫﻨﺪ ﺷﺮﻗﻲ در دوران ﺻﻔﻮی 54 ﻇﺎﻫﺮا ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺎدهی ﻛﻤﭙﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﺮاﻧﺴﻮی، در اﺑﺘﺪا از ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ ﺣﻖ ﻣﺨﺼﻮص درﺑﺎرﻳﺎن اﻣﺘﻨـﺎع 1 ﻣﻲﻛﺮد، وﻟﻲ ﭘﺲ از ﺗﺨﻔﻴﻔﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ او داده ﺷﺪ، ﺣﺪود 00801 ﻟﻴﺮه ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ ﻛﺮد.
84 ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ، ﺷﻤﺎره 7 ﭘﻴﺶﻛﺶ ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪی ﻛﻤﭙﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﻠﻨﺪی ﺑﻪ درﺑﺎر ﺻﻔﻮی وزن )ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﭘﻮﻧﺪ( ﻛﺎﻻ 00006 ﺷﻜﺮ 0276 ﻗﻨﺪ 468 ﻫﻞ 468 ﻣﻴﺨﻚ 4071 دارﭼﻴﻦ 4071 ﻓﻠﻔﻞ 441 ﭼﻮب ﺻﻨﺪل ﺳﻔﻴﺪ 84 ﺟﻮز ﻫﻨﺪی ﺷﻜﺮآﻟﻮد 01 ﺟﻮز ﻫﻨﺪی 3/ 1 ﮔﻞ ﺟﻮزﻫﻨﺪی ﻳﺎ ﺑﺴﺒﺎﺳﻪ 5/ 6 ﭼﻮب ﻋﻮد 02 رﻳﺸﻪی ﭼﻮب ﭼﻴﻨﻲ 42 ﻣﻴﺨﻚ ﺷﻜﺮآﻟﻮد 8/1652 ﭘﻮﻧﺪ ﻣﻌﺎدل 9/0821 ﺟﻤﻊ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮم )ﻣﻨﺒﻊ: اﺧﺘﻼف ﺗﺠﺎری ﻫﻠﻨﺪ و اﻳﺮان، ص12( از آن ﭘﺲ، اﺑﺮﻳﺸﻢ اﻳﺮاﻧﻲ ﺑﻪﻃﻮر ﻣﺮﺗﺐ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﭙﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻧﻤﻲﺷﺪ، ﺑﻪﻃـﻮریﻛـﻪ ﻛﻤﭙـﺎﻧﻲ در ﺳﺎل 5211 ﻫ ق/4171م آﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﻟﻪی اﺑﺮﻳﺸﻢ ﺧﻮد را درﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻛﺮد.
ﭘﻴﺸﻜﺶ و ﻧﻘﺶ آن در رواﺑﻂ اﻳﺮان ﺑﺎ ﻛﻤﭙﺎﻧﻲﻫﺎی ﻫﻨﺪ ﺷﺮﻗﻲ در دوران ﺻﻔﻮی 35 ﺗﻮاﻧﺴﺖ اﻣﺘﻴﺎزاﺗﻲ ﺑﻴﺶ از دو ﻛﻤﭙﺎﻧﻲ اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ و ﻫﻠﻨﺪی ﻛﺴﺐ ﻛﻨﺪ.