Abstract:
This paper deals with the study of epenthesis in Persian language. Epenthesis is an intrusion process in which a phoneme is added to a word. Epenthesis has two types in Persian language: excrescence and anaptyxis. This article talks about both types of epenthesis. By examining the data and proposing two hypotheses، it is concluded that excrescence is an obligatory process in Persian language for changing an unacceptable syllable structure into an acceptable one. In this process، ten consonants appear between two vowels under morphological، syntactic and phonetic conditions. But anaptyxis in original Persian words is an arbitrary and stylistic process، which is used to ease the pronunciation and to melodize the words. The anaptyxis in loan words is used to break the consonant cluster in the beginning of the word، so that the word formation becomes in accordance with the syllabification rules. This study tries to examine the syntactic characteristics of imperative structures with figurative meaning in the Russian language and the manner of their translation and description in Persian. Grammatical forms in the Russian language، apart from their original meaning، can also be applied in auxiliary and figurative meanings. The imperative mood in this language is not exempted from this rule. The original meaning of imperative mood predicates to an action that has been requested i.e. when a person commands someone to do an action. The imperative mood in the Russian language، with giving away its original meaning، is applied for expressing various grammatical meanings such as action conditions، necessity، possibility to perform an action، unexpected action and so on. This research is aimed at finding an answer to this question، that whether such structures with figurative meanings have special syntactic characteristics، compared to the structures with direct meaning، and is there any relationship between direct and figurative meanings in these structures? In this article، we will analyze 11 most important figurative meanings of imperative constructions in the Russian language، embedded in more than 60 examples، and will study the most common methods of their translation into the Persian language. Analyzing the syntactic and grammatical characteristics of imperative constructions with figurative meaning in the Russian language and various methods of their translation into Persian، due to fundamental syntactic and structural differences of basic and target languages are the most important aims of this study.
Machine summary:
Along with examining the data and presenting and testing two different hypotheses, it is concluded that in the Persian language, consonantal epenthesis is a mandatory process for converting an undesirable syllabic structure into a desirable one, occurring through the application of a consonant between two vowels based on morphological, syntactic, and phonological conditions.
Zafaranlou Kambuzia, under the title of the "insertion" process, has addressed the subject of epenthesis in the Persian language and has examined in detail the insertion of glottal stop in words that begin with a vowel, floating phonetic elements, vowel insertion between two consonants, and insertion in Iranian dialects, and has presented examples and rules.
However, if we pay a little more attention, we realize that some suffixes such as the noun-forming "-i" /i/, the adjective-forming "-i" /i/, the indefinite "-i" /i/, the plural "-an" /αn/, the ezafe /e/, the descriptive ezafe /e/, and several clitics like /æst/ begin with a vowel in their substructure; and if the word to which these elements are attached ends in a vowel, hiatus12 occurs and the subject of epenthesis arises in Persian.
In this article, based on the data and accepting the opinion of Crowley (1997: 3-42), the process of epenthesis in the Persian language is divided into the following two groups: a) addition/consonant epenthesis (excrescence); b) addition/vowel epenthesis (anaptyxis).
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