چکیده:
By relying mainly on the accessibility approach to anaphora، this article intends to analyze the types، distributions and retrieval of anaphors in two forms of spoken discourse: casual and controlled talk. For the specific purposes of the study، twenty sophomore Iranian students were randomly selected to conduct the talks. The subjects were divided into two groups of casual and controlled talk. According to the settings and adopted topics، the overall casual talk group was further divided into two groups of dorm and academic talk. In the end، it was observed that as the talk situations vary، types، frequencies، distances، retrieval qualities and thematic structure (patterning) of anaphors undergo dramatic changes too. Further analyses of the obtained data show that the number of pronominal anaphors is by far more than NP anaphors in dorm casual talk whereas in academic casual talk the number of NP anaphors exceeds that of the former talk groups. However، the distribution of anaphors in the performance of controlled talk groups has shown to be more moderate with regard to the types of anaphors used in it. Overall، the distributional patterns of various anaphoric devices in different talk situations are considered to be a function of the speakers’ evaluation of the cognitive states of the listeners/addressees. Average distances and frequencies of the different types of zero، pronominal، and NP anaphors have also been shown to undergo dramatic changes as talk situations vary.
خلاصه ماشینی:
Imari** Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz Abstract By relying mainly on the accessibility approach to anaphora, this article intends to analyze the types, distributions and retrieval of anaphors in two forms of spoken discourse: casual and controlled talk.
Average distances and frequencies of the different types of zero, pronominal, and NP anaphors have also been shown to undergo dramatic changes as talk situations vary.
By the contributions of such approaches to anaphora as the ‘distance approach’ (Givon, 1983; Ariel, 1990), the ‘thematic approach’ (Tomlin, 1987; Fox, 1987), the ‘focus approach’ (Bosch, 1983, 1988) as well as the ‘theory of information flow’ (Chafe, 1987), also to be highlighted in the current study, such linguistic phenomena as the occurrence of successive pronominal or nominal expressions which had formerly been interpreted as being anomalous and irregular according to the rigid rules of the ‘binding’ (Chomsky, 1981) are no longer unexpected and surprising.
e. zero, pronominal, and NP), accessibility degrees as well as the relative distances of anaphors in casual and controlled talk.
Distributions of zero, pronominal and NP anaphor types in the performance of controlled talk groups, on the other hand, have been different from that of the previous casual talk groups.
Like dorm casual talk, individual speakers in controlled talk groups made more use of pronominal anaphors in comparison with NP and zero anaphors.
6. Conclusion An evident asymmetry has been observed in the numbers and distribution of zero, pronominal, and NP anaphors in the performance of casual and controlled talk groups in this study.