Publication and Civilization (12); Publication in the 18th Century (Continued) Journal Article

Machine summary:

-- In 1771 AD, the first general encyclopedia in English was published in Scotland, and the process of encyclopedism and the publication of general and specialized encyclopedias—as one of the most important reference sources, relying on accurate and useful information and resources in research, educational, and public fields—began; a trend in which England was preeminent for centuries to come. Lithography also provided the possibility for maps, atlases, musical notes, patterns, and summaries of subjects that could be more easily written or drawn by hand, as well as writings for which suitable printed type was not available, to be published with much greater ease, and all these together influenced the cultural path. Based on the history of the first printed books published in Iran by order of Abbas Mirza, about 5 years after the publication of the first Persian book using the lead (type) printing method, a Quran in the handwriting of Mirza Hossein Calligrapher was printed using the lithographic method in 1248 AH / 1832 AD in Tabriz. French publishers and booksellers, for whatever reason, including profiting from publication, and also as a requirement of a profession whose durability, growth, and (Refer to the page image.