نویسنده مسئول: طباطبایی، سمیه السادات ؛
جستارهای زبانی فروردین و اردیبهشت 1401 - شماره 67 رتبه بین المللی (وزارت علوم/ISC (34 صفحه - از 563 تا 596 )
نگارندۀ مقالۀ پیشرو رهیافت «چرخش فرهنگی» را در مطالعات ترجمه بهکار میبندد تا دریابد چرا قومالدین بنداری، در سدۀ هفتم هجری، هنگام برگردان مصراع «یکی مهربان بودم اندر سرای» برابرنهاد واژۀ «مهربان» را «الغلام» برمیگزیند. از آنجا که متن شاهنامه عاری از نشانهای است که جنسیت «مهربان» را روشن سازد پس مذکر پنداشتن «مهربان» دلیلی فرامتنی دارد. واکاوی الگوی میل و کردوکار جنسی در عصر مترجم، و نیز پیش و پس از آن، نشان میدهد که کنشمند/سوژۀ مذکر در کردار جنسی خود، همزمان به دو کنشپذیر/ابژه نظر داشته است: کنشپذیر (نا) مذکر و کنشپذیر مونث. به دیگر بیان برخلاف الگوی میل جنسی معاصر که بر دگرجنسخواهی و دوگانۀ مذکر ـ مونث استوار است در آن دوره، افزونبر دوگانۀ یادشده، حضور دوگانۀ مذکر ـ (نا) مذکر نیز در کردار جنسی هویداست. کاوش در منابع نوشتاری و نانوشتاری، همچون نگارههای برجامانده از پیشینیان، آشکار میسازد که ابژۀ (نا) مذکر امرد، مخنث، مابون و خصی/ خواجه را دربر میگیرد که از این میان بنداری بهسبب کنشهایی که در متن شاهنامه به «مهربان» نسبت داده شده، الغلام/امرد را همچون معادلی برای «مهربان» برمیگزیند. بدین ترتیب این گزینش نه در همارزی دو واژه در زبانهای مبدا و مقصد که در الگوی میل جنسی جامعۀ مقصد ریشه دارد.
The author of the present article applies the "cultural turn" approach in translation studies to find out why Qavam Al-Din Bundari, in the seventh century AH, when translating the phrase: "یکی مهربان بودم اندر سرای" From Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, chose equivalent of the word "مهربان" as "الغلام"? Because the text of Shahnameh is devoid of signs that clarify the gender of "مهربان", so there is a hypertextual reason for thinking this word as masculine. An analysis of desire pattern and sexual mechanism in the age of the translator, also its before and after, show that the male actor / subject has in mind in his sexual act, at the same time, two active / objects: (non) masculine and feminine actionable. In other words, unlike the contemporary sexual desire pattern, based on heterosexuality and the male-female duality,in that period in addition to mentioned duality, the dual presence of male- (non) male is also evident in sexual behavior. A search of written and non-written works, such as surviving drawings from predecessors, reveals that the (non) masculine object includes: beardless boy, effeminate man, sodomy and non-testicle. Due to the actions attributed to "مهربان" in the text of Shahnameh, Bondary chooses "الغلام" as the equivalent of "مهربان" among these interpretation. Thus this selection is rooted in the pattern of sexual desire of the source community, not the equivalence of two words in the source and target languages. 1. Introduction Qavam al-Din Fatah ibn Ali Bundari (634-586 AH) was the first to translate the Shahnameh into Arabic by order of the ruler of Damascus, Abu al-Fatah Isa ibn Abu Bakr. After attending the court of Abu al-Fatah, he presented the Shahnameh to him and the Kurdish ruler of Damascus asked him to translate this work into Arabic so that everyone, Arabs and non-Arabs, could use it. Hence, Bundari begins the translation in the first Jamadi of the year 620 AH and ends it in Shawwal 621 AH. Al-Shahnameh has a high position in the Shahnameh research due to its antiquity and the manuscripts that the translator had at his disposal. But it should not be assumed that Bundari translated the entire Shahnameh. Because he only returned two-thirds of it. The story of testing the sons of Fereydun, the magic that the king of Yemen does in the work of Fereydun's children, the killing of white demon by Rostam, Zal's advice to Rostam in the story of Rostam and Esfandiar is one of the deleted parts of the translation. In addition, he does not translate most of the prefaces of the Shahnameh; For example, he did not translate the preface of Sohrab's story, but he has translated the preface of Bijan and Manijeh's story. Ferdowsi has said in this introduction: بدان تنگی اندر بجستم ز جای یکی مهربان بودم اندر سرای Undoubtedly, many readers consider Ferdowsi's kind woman to be the source of his soul; Not only inexperienced readers but also experts think so. For example, Kazazi says: "... a beautiful kind wife came to the garden to hear her husband's voice ..." and Dick Davis examines the links between the preface and the text of the story of Bijan and Manijeh and He concludes: "Both, In the introduction and in the text of the story, women in love help sad and gloomy men"; But Bundari, contrary to this common perception, considers "مهربان" to be masculine and therefore says:«... فصحت بالغلام» ]I called the Qolam.[ Research Question In this article the researcher does not intend, based on the linguistic approach in translation studies, to measure the equivalence of the words "الغلام" and "مهربان" with each other, and finally to consider the translation of Bundari incorrect; Rather, she wants to point to the non-linguistic context of the text with the help of cultural studies, as a new approach to research translation, and answer the question: why Bundari considers "مهربان" to be masculine? The author thinks that this choice of translator has a hypertextual reason; The reason that should appear in the pattern of sexual desire of that time. Choose "الغلام" as "مهربان" equivalent can indicate the masculine object of desire in seventh-century sexuality. Therefore, to answer this question, one must go beyond the text-based study of translation and study the sexuality of the translator community, which, of course, is a very difficult task. 2. Literature Review According to the history of translation studies, the background of these studies can be divided into three periods: "pre-linguistic", "linguistic" and "post-linguistic". The first period begins in the first century BC and continues until the emergence of linguistic theories in translation studies. The second period begins in the fifties with the emergence of linguistic theories in translation and lasts until the dawn of cultural theories in it. During this period, the unit of translation evaluation changes from word to text, and in the second half of it, with the functional theories, the ground is prepared for the beginning of the third period of translation studies: post-linguistic period or culture studies in translation-research. Cultural turn is a term that refers to the connection between translation studies and cultural studies. The term was first used in the introduction to the book Translation, History and Culture in 1990. The purpose of Bassnett and Lefebvre, the editors of the series, was to use this interpretation to explain an important development that changed the translation of a research from a textual to a culture-oriented approach. The most important achievement of this turn can be summarized as follows: the unit of evaluation of translation is no longer the text but culture, and the concept of balance / equivalence is evaluated not at the level of words but at the level of role and function of the translated text in the target culture. Thus, in studying the Al-Shahnameh, instead of comparing it with the Shahnameh, one can look at it from the perspective of culture and ask: Why and for what purpose was the Shahnameh translated into Arabic? If the customer is already familiar with the Shahnameh, then the purpose should not be merely to exchange information; Is it an intention to spread cultural capital? But to answer this question, we must first know whether the Shahnameh was seen as a cultural capital? If yes; For which people, Arabs or non-Arabs? Why was the Shahnameh not accepted in Arabic-Islamic culture? And .. . In this article, among the numerous cultural questions, only one question is considered, and that is the reason for "مهربان" return to "الغلام". 3. Methodology In this research, the author has used the cultural-oriented approach in the study of Bondari translation and text / document analysis method. The brief explanation clearly shows that the research translation of this paper does not rely solely on a linguistic approach; Rather, it is based on gender studies, as a branch of cultural research. Drawing a pattern of sexuality requires an analysis of all the texts that reflect the sexual behavior of society. It is worth noting that the text has a broad meaning here. Contrary to what may come to mind at first glance, the text is not meant in its biblical sense, which includes only the text; Because according to the semiotic approach, in addition to writing, it also learns unwritten text, or in Bart's words, "illegible writing". Hence, drawings and paintings are among the texts in which the researcher has looked at the historical document with socio-cultural implications. 4. Results An analysis of the meaning of "مهربان" and "الغلام" in the ancient Persian and Arabic dictionaries does not explain why Bandari chose "الغلام" as the equivalent of "مهربان"; Because the word مهربان/kind refers to both men and women. It may be thought that Ferdowsi's description of "مهربان" is the reason for this choice: tall like a cypress, beautiful like the moon and an idol. But this assumption is incorrect; Because the study of Shahnameh shows that these similes, in addition to men, have also been used to describe women. If we place these words in the model that Eugene Naida presents to explain the translation process we get the following diagram: <v:shape id="Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_2" o:gfxdata="UEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQC2gziS/gAAAOEBAAATAAAAW0NvbnRlbnRfVHlwZXNdLnhtbJSRQU7DMBBF 90jcwfIWJU67QAgl6YK0S0CoHGBkTxKLZGx5TGhvj5O2G0SRWNoz/78nu9wcxkFMGNg6quQqL6RA 0s5Y6ir5vt9lD1JwBDIwOMJKHpHlpr69KfdHjyxSmriSfYz+USnWPY7AufNIadK6MEJMx9ApD/oD OlTrorhX2lFEilmcO2RdNtjC5xDF9pCuTyYBB5bi6bQ4syoJ3g9WQ0ymaiLzg5KdCXlKLjvcW893 SUOqXwnz5DrgnHtJTxOsQfEKIT7DmDSUCaxw7Rqn8787ZsmRM9e2VmPeBN4uqYvTtW7jvijg9N/y JsXecLq0q+WD6m8AAAD//wMAUEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQA4/SH/1gAAAJQBAAALAAAAX3JlbHMvLnJl bHOkkMFqwzAMhu+DvYPRfXGawxijTi+j0GvpHsDYimMaW0Yy2fr2M4PBMnrbUb/Q94l/f/hMi1qR JVI2sOt6UJgd+ZiDgffL8ekFlFSbvV0oo4EbChzGx4f9GRdb25HMsYhqlCwG5lrLq9biZkxWOiqY 22YiTra2kYMu1l1tQD30/bPm3wwYN0x18gb45AdQl1tp5j/sFB2T0FQ7R0nTNEV3j6o9feQzro1i OWA14Fm+Q8a1a8+Bvu/d/dMb2JY5uiPbhG/ktn4cqGU/er3pcvwCAAD//wMAUEsDBBQABgAIAAAA IQCvkgPGPAIAAG8EAAAOAAAAZHJzL2Uyb0RvYy54bWysVF1v2yAUfZ+0/4B4T/1Rp02sOlVlJ3vp tkjpfgABbKNhQEDjRNP++y7EydbtZZrmB3wx9+Pccw9+eDwOEh24dUKrCmc3KUZcUc2E6ir85WUz W2DkPFGMSK14hU/c4cfV+3cPoyl5rnstGbcIkihXjqbCvfemTBJHez4Qd6MNV3DYajsQD1vbJcyS EbIPMsnT9C4ZtWXGasqdg6/N+RCvYv625dR/blvHPZIVBmw+rjau+7AmqwdSdpaYXtAJBvkHFAMR CopeUzXEE/RqxR+pBkGtdrr1N1QPiW5bQXnsAbrJ0t+62fXE8NgLkOPMlSb3/9LST4etRYJVOMdI kQFGtPOWiK736MlaPaJaKwU0aovywNZoXAlBtdra0C89qp151vSrQ0rXPVEdj6hfTgZSZSEieRMS Ns5Azf34UTPwIa9eR+qOrR1CSiAFHeOETtcJ8aNHFD5m+X0KY6Rwki9uF8U8FiDlJdZY5z9wPaBg VNhNrVx7yGIlcnh2PiAj5SUgFFZ6I6SMipAKjRVezvN5DHBaChYOg5uz3b6WFh1I0FR8JhRv3Kx+ VSwm6zlh68n2REiwkY/8eCuAMclxqDZwhpHkcI2CdYYnVagI3QPgyTrL6tsyXa4X60UxK/K79axI m2b2tKmL2d0mu583t01dN9n3AD4ryl4wxlXAf5F4VvydhKbLdhbnVeRXopK32SOjAPbyjqDj+MPE z9rZa3ba2tBdUAKoOjpPNzBcm1/30evnf2L1AwAA//8DAFBLAwQUAAYACAAAACEAO/MI7eAAAAAJ AQAADwAAAGRycy9kb3ducmV2LnhtbEyPwU7DMBBE70j8g7VI3KhDIBENcSqgQuRSJFqEOLrxkljE 6yh225SvZ3uC48yOZt+Ui8n1Yo9jsJ4UXM8SEEiNN5ZaBe+b56s7ECFqMrr3hAqOGGBRnZ+VujD+ QG+4X8dWcAmFQivoYhwKKUPTodNh5gckvn350enIcmylGfWBy10v0yTJpdOW+EOnB3zqsPle75yC uPw8dvlH8zi3r5uXVW5/6rpeKnV5MT3cg4g4xb8wnPAZHSpm2vodmSB61tkNb4kK0tsMxCmQZWxs FeTzFGRVyv8Lql8AAAD//wMAUEsBAi0AFAAGAAgAAAAhALaDOJL+AAAA4QEAABMAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAFtDb250ZW50X1R5cGVzXS54bWxQSwECLQAUAAYACAAAACEAOP0h/9YAAACUAQAACwAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAvAQAAX3JlbHMvLnJlbHNQSwECLQAUAAYACAAAACEAr5IDxjwCAABvBAAADgAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAuAgAAZHJzL2Uyb0RvYy54bWxQSwECLQAUAAYACAAAACEAO/MI7eAAAAAJAQAA DwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACWBAAAZHJzL2Rvd25yZXYueG1sUEsFBgAAAAAEAAQA8wAAAKMFAAAAAA== " style="position:absolute; left:0; text-align:left; margin-left:64px; margin-top:21px; width:1pt; height:22.35pt; z-index:251652608" type="#_x0000_t32"> <v:shape id="Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_8" o:gfxdata="UEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQC2gziS/gAAAOEBAAATAAAAW0NvbnRlbnRfVHlwZXNdLnhtbJSRQU7DMBBF 90jcwfIWJU67QAgl6YK0S0CoHGBkTxKLZGx5TGhvj5O2G0SRWNoz/78nu9wcxkFMGNg6quQqL6RA 0s5Y6ir5vt9lD1JwBDIwOMJKHpHlpr69KfdHjyxSmriSfYz+USnWPY7AufNIadK6MEJMx9ApD/oD OlTrorhX2lFEilmcO2RdNtjC5xDF9pCuTyYBB5bi6bQ4syoJ3g9WQ0ymaiLzg5KdCXlKLjvcW893 SUOqXwnz5DrgnHtJTxOsQfEKIT7DmDSUCaxw7Rqn8787ZsmRM9e2VmPeBN4uqYvTtW7jvijg9N/y JsXecLq0q+WD6m8AAAD//wMAUEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQA4/SH/1gAAAJQBAAALAAAAX3JlbHMvLnJl bHOkkMFqwzAMhu+DvYPRfXGawxijTi+j0GvpHsDYimMaW0Yy2fr2M4PBMnrbUb/Q94l/f/hMi1qR JVI2sOt6UJgd+ZiDgffL8ekFlFSbvV0oo4EbChzGx4f9GRdb25HMsYhqlCwG5lrLq9biZkxWOiqY 22YiTra2kYMu1l1tQD30/bPm3wwYN0x18gb45AdQl1tp5j/sFB2T0FQ7R0nTNEV3j6o9feQzro1i OWA14Fm+Q8a1a8+Bvu/d/dMb2JY5uiPbhG/ktn4cqGU/er3pcvwCAAD//wMAUEsDBBQABgAIAAAA IQANK/7rRQIAAIIEAAAOAAAAZHJzL2Uyb0RvYy54bWysVMGO2jAQvVfqP1i+QwgNW4gIq1UC7WHb IrHt3dgOserYlm0IqOq/d+wEWtpLVZWDGXs8b97MPGf5eG4lOnHrhFYFTscTjLiimgl1KPDnl81o jpHzRDEiteIFvnCHH1evXy07k/OpbrRk3CIAUS7vTIEb702eJI42vCVurA1X4Ky1bYmHrT0kzJIO 0FuZTCeTh6TTlhmrKXcOTqveiVcRv6459Z/q2nGPZIGBm4+rjes+rMlqSfKDJaYRdKBB/oFFS4SC pDeoiniCjlb8AdUKarXTtR9T3Sa6rgXlsQaoJp38Vs2uIYbHWqA5ztza5P4fLP142lokWIFhUIq0 MKKdt0QcGo+erNUdKrVS0EZt0Tx0qzMuh6BSbW2ol57Vzjxr+tUhpcuGqAOPrF8uBqDSEJHchYSN M5Bz333QDO6Qo9exdefatqiWwrwPgdH6EqyQBhqFznFql9vU+NkjCodZls0wouDIsvkC7JCT5AEu hBrr/DuuWxSMAruhultZfQJyena+D7wGhGClN0JKOCe5VKgr8GI2nUVGTkvBgjP4nD3sS2nRiQSZ xd/A4u6a1UfFIljDCVsPtidCgo18bJm3ApooOQ7ZWs4wkhxeVrB6elKFjFA8EB6sXmnfFpPFer6e Z6Ns+rAeZZOqGj1tymz0sEnfzqo3VVlW6fdAPs3yRjDGVeB/VX2a/Z2qhvfX6/Wm+1ujknv0OAog e/2PpKMiggh6Oe01u2xtqC6IA4QeLw+PMrykX/fx1s9Px+oHAAAA//8DAFBLAwQUAAYACAAAACEA qLina+AAAAAKAQAADwAAAGRycy9kb3ducmV2LnhtbEyPTU/DMAyG75P4D5GRuG3pyj5YaTpNkzgB Qmy7cMsar63WOFmTdeXfY05wtP3o9fPm68G2oscuNI4UTCcJCKTSmYYqBYf9y/gJRIiajG4doYJv DLAu7ka5zoy70Sf2u1gJDqGQaQV1jD6TMpQ1Wh0mziPx7eQ6qyOPXSVNp28cbluZJslCWt0Qf6i1 x22N5Xl3tQpOiS8/VvtXc7n4WV+9fR389P2s1MP9sHkGEXGIfzD86rM6FOx0dFcyQbQKlrM5d4kK 5ukKBAO8WII4Mpk+LkAWufxfofgBAAD//wMAUEsBAi0AFAAGAAgAAAAhALaDOJL+AAAA4QEAABMA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAFtDb250ZW50X1R5cGVzXS54bWxQSwECLQAUAAYACAAAACEAOP0h/9YA AACUAQAACwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAvAQAAX3JlbHMvLnJlbHNQSwECLQAUAAYACAAAACEADSv+60UC AACCBAAADgAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAuAgAAZHJzL2Uyb0RvYy54bWxQSwECLQAUAAYACAAAACEAqLin a+AAAAAKAQAADwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACfBAAAZHJzL2Rvd25yZXYueG1sUEsFBgAAAAAEAAQA8wAA AKwFAAAAAA== " style="position:absolute; left:0; text-align:left; margin-left:419px; margin-top:21px; width:.35pt; height:28.35pt; flip:x y; z-index:251657728" type="#_x0000_t32"> مهربان الغلام <v:shape id="Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_3" o:gfxdata="UEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQC2gziS/gAAAOEBAAATAAAAW0NvbnRlbnRfVHlwZXNdLnhtbJSRQU7DMBBF 90jcwfIWJU67QAgl6YK0S0CoHGBkTxKLZGx5TGhvj5O2G0SRWNoz/78nu9wcxkFMGNg6quQqL6RA 0s5Y6ir5vt9lD1JwBDIwOMJKHpHlpr69KfdHjyxSmriSfYz+USnWPY7AufNIadK6MEJMx9ApD/oD OlTrorhX2lFEilmcO2RdNtjC5xDF9pCuTyYBB5bi6bQ4syoJ3g9WQ0ymaiLzg5KdCXlKLjvcW893 SUOqXwnz5DrgnHtJTxOsQfEKIT7DmDSUCaxw7Rqn8787ZsmRM9e2VmPeBN4uqYvTtW7jvijg9N/y JsXecLq0q+WD6m8AAAD//wMAUEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQA4/SH/1gAAAJQBAAALAAAAX3JlbHMvLnJl bHOkkMFqwzAMhu+DvYPRfXGawxijTi+j0GvpHsDYimMaW0Yy2fr2M4PBMnrbUb/Q94l/f/hMi1qR JVI2sOt6UJgd+ZiDgffL8ekFlFSbvV0oo4EbChzGx4f9GRdb25HMsYhqlCwG5lrLq9biZkxWOiqY 22YiTra2kYMu1l1tQD30/bPm3wwYN0x18gb45AdQl1tp5j/sFB2T0FQ7R0nTNEV3j6o9feQzro1i OWA14Fm+Q8a1a8+Bvu/d/dMb2JY5uiPbhG/ktn4cqGU/er3pcvwCAAD//wMAUEsDBBQABgAIAAAA IQCiuaKjPAIAAG8EAAAOAAAAZHJzL2Uyb0RvYy54bWysVE2P2jAQvVfqf7B8hyQQWIgIq1UCvWzb lXb7A4ztEKuObdmGgKr+945NoKW9VFVzcMbxfLx585zV46mT6MitE1qVOBunGHFFNRNqX+Ivb9vR AiPniWJEasVLfOYOP67fv1v1puAT3WrJuEWQRLmiNyVuvTdFkjja8o64sTZcwWGjbUc8bO0+YZb0 kL2TySRN50mvLTNWU+4cfK0vh3gd8zcNp/5z0zjukSwxYPNxtXHdhTVZr0ixt8S0gg4wyD+g6IhQ UPSWqiaeoIMVf6TqBLXa6caPqe4S3TSC8tgDdJOlv3Xz2hLDYy9AjjM3mtz/S0s/HV8sEqzEU4wU 6WBEr94SsW89erJW96jSSgGN2qJpYKs3roCgSr3Y0C89qVfzrOlXh5SuWqL2PKJ+OxtIlYWI5C4k bJyBmrv+o2bgQw5eR+pOje1CSiAFneKEzrcJ8ZNHFD5mk4cUxkjhZLKYLvJZLECKa6yxzn/gukPB KLEbWrn1kMVK5PjsfEBGimtAKKz0VkgZFSEV6ku8nE1mMcBpKVg4DG7O7neVtOhIgqbiM6C4c7P6 oFhM1nLCNoPtiZBgIx/58VYAY5LjUK3jDCPJ4RoF6wJPqlARugfAg3WR1bdlutwsNot8lE/mm1Ge 1vXoaVvlo/k2e5jV07qq6ux7AJ/lRSsY4yrgv0o8y/9OQsNlu4jzJvIbUcl99sgogL2+I+g4/jDx i3Z2mp1fbOguKAFUHZ2HGxiuza/76PXzP7H+AQAA//8DAFBLAwQUAAYACAAAACEA33ost+AAAAAJ AQAADwAAAGRycy9kb3ducmV2LnhtbEyPwU7DMBBE70j8g7VI3KhTaAINcSqgQuQCEi1CHN14iSPi dRS7bcrXd3uC48yOZt8Ui9F1YodDaD0pmE4SEEi1Ny01Cj7Wz1d3IELUZHTnCRUcMMCiPD8rdG78 nt5xt4qN4BIKuVZgY+xzKUNt0ekw8T0S37794HRkOTTSDHrP5a6T10mSSadb4g9W9/hksf5ZbZ2C uPw62Oyzfpy3b+uX16z9rapqqdTlxfhwDyLiGP/CcMJndCiZaeO3ZILoWKdT3hIVzNJbEKdAesPG RsE8mYEsC/l/QXkEAAD//wMAUEsBAi0AFAAGAAgAAAAhALaDOJL+AAAA4QEAABMAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAFtDb250ZW50X1R5cGVzXS54bWxQSwECLQAUAAYACAAAACEAOP0h/9YAAACUAQAACwAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAvAQAAX3JlbHMvLnJlbHNQSwECLQAUAAYACAAAACEAormiozwCAABvBAAADgAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAuAgAAZHJzL2Uyb0RvYy54bWxQSwECLQAUAAYACAAAACEA33ost+AAAAAJAQAA DwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACWBAAAZHJzL2Rvd25yZXYueG1sUEsFBgAAAAAEAAQA8wAAAKMFAAAAAA== " style="position:absolute; left:0; text-align:left; margin-left:63px; margin-top:22px; width:1pt; height:22.35pt; z-index:251653632" type="#_x0000_t32"> <v:shape id="Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_7" o:gfxdata="UEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQC2gziS/gAAAOEBAAATAAAAW0NvbnRlbnRfVHlwZXNdLnhtbJSRQU7DMBBF 90jcwfIWJU67QAgl6YK0S0CoHGBkTxKLZGx5TGhvj5O2G0SRWNoz/78nu9wcxkFMGNg6quQqL6RA 0s5Y6ir5vt9lD1JwBDIwOMJKHpHlpr69KfdHjyxSmriSfYz+USnWPY7AufNIadK6MEJMx9ApD/oD OlTrorhX2lFEilmcO2RdNtjC5xDF9pCuTyYBB5bi6bQ4syoJ3g9WQ0ymaiLzg5KdCXlKLjvcW893 SUOqXwnz5DrgnHtJTxOsQfEKIT7DmDSUCaxw7Rqn8787ZsmRM9e2VmPeBN4uqYvTtW7jvijg9N/y JsXecLq0q+WD6m8AAAD//wMAUEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQA4/SH/1gAAAJQBAAALAAAAX3JlbHMvLnJl bHOkkMFqwzAMhu+DvYPRfXGawxijTi+j0GvpHsDYimMaW0Yy2fr2M4PBMnrbUb/Q94l/f/hMi1qR JVI2sOt6UJgd+ZiDgffL8ekFlFSbvV0oo4EbChzGx4f9GRdb25HMsYhqlCwG5lrLq9biZkxWOiqY 22YiTra2kYMu1l1tQD30/bPm3wwYN0x18gb45AdQl1tp5j/sFB2T0FQ7R0nTNEV3j6o9feQzro1i OWA14Fm+Q8a1a8+Bvu/d/dMb2JY5uiPbhG/ktn4cqGU/er3pcvwCAAD//wMAUEsDBBQABgAIAAAA IQDkX1BcRgIAAIIEAAAOAAAAZHJzL2Uyb0RvYy54bWysVMGO2yAQvVfqPyDuiePUySZWnNXKTtrD tl1pt70TwDEqBgQkTlT133fAXrfbXqqqOZCBmXnzZnh4c3tpJTpz64RWBU6nM4y4opoJdSzwl6f9 ZIWR80QxIrXiBb5yh2+3b99sOpPzuW60ZNwiAFEu70yBG+9NniSONrwlbqoNV+CstW2Jh609JsyS DtBbmcxns2XSacuM1ZQ7B6dV78TbiF/XnPrPde24R7LAwM3H1cb1ENZkuyH50RLTCDrQIP/AoiVC QdERqiKeoJMVf0C1glrtdO2nVLeJrmtBeewBuklnv3Xz2BDDYy8wHGfGMbn/B0s/nR8sEqzANxgp 0sIVPXpLxLHx6M5a3aFSKwVj1BbdhGl1xuWQVKoHG/qlF/Vo7jX95pDSZUPUkUfWT1cDUGnISF6l hI0zUPPQfdQMYsjJ6zi6S21bVEthPoTEaH0NVigDg0KXeGvX8db4xSMKh1mWLTCi4Miy1RrsUJPk AS6kGuv8e65bFIwCu6G7sa2+ADnfO98nviSEZKX3Qko4J7lUqCvwejFfREZOS8GCM/icPR5KadGZ BJnF38DiVZjVJ8UiWMMJ2w22J0KCjXwcmbcChig5DtVazjCSHF5WsHp6UoWK0DwQHqxead/Xs/Vu tVtlk2y+3E2yWVVN7vZlNlnu05tF9a4qyyr9EcinWd4IxrgK/F9Un2Z/p6rh/fV6HXU/Dip5jR6v Asi+/EfSURFBBL2cDppdH2zoLogDhB6Dh0cZXtKv+xj189OxfQYAAP//AwBQSwMEFAAGAAgAAAAh ADNl8PDfAAAACQEAAA8AAABkcnMvZG93bnJldi54bWxMj8FOwzAQRO9I/IO1SNyoU0hJGuJUCIkT oIq2F25uvE2ixms3dtPw9ywnOK7mafZNuZpsL0YcQudIwXyWgECqnemoUbDbvt7lIELUZHTvCBV8 Y4BVdX1V6sK4C33iuImN4BIKhVbQxugLKUPdotVh5jwSZwc3WB35HBppBn3hctvL+yR5lFZ3xB9a 7fGlxfq4OVsFh8TX6+X2zZxOPh2b96+dn38clbq9mZ6fQESc4h8Mv/qsDhU77d2ZTBC9gmzxkDHK Qc4TGMgWaQpiryBfLkBWpfy/oPoBAAD//wMAUEsBAi0AFAAGAAgAAAAhALaDOJL+AAAA4QEAABMA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAFtDb250ZW50X1R5cGVzXS54bWxQSwECLQAUAAYACAAAACEAOP0h/9YA AACUAQAACwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAvAQAAX3JlbHMvLnJlbHNQSwECLQAUAAYACAAAACEA5F9QXEYC AACCBAAADgAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAuAgAAZHJzL2Uyb0RvYy54bWxQSwECLQAUAAYACAAAACEAM2Xw 8N8AAAAJAQAADwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACgBAAAZHJzL2Rvd25yZXYueG1sUEsFBgAAAAAEAAQA8wAA AKwFAAAAAA== " style="position:absolute; left:0; text-align:left; margin-left:418px; margin-top:22px; width:.35pt; height:28.35pt; flip:x y; z-index:251656704" type="#_x0000_t32"> decoding coding <v:shape adj="10794,28425600,-62707" id="Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_4" o:gfxdata="UEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQC2gziS/gAAAOEBAAATAAAAW0NvbnRlbnRfVHlwZXNdLnhtbJSRQU7DMBBF 90jcwfIWJU67QAgl6YK0S0CoHGBkTxKLZGx5TGhvj5O2G0SRWNoz/78nu9wcxkFMGNg6quQqL6RA 0s5Y6ir5vt9lD1JwBDIwOMJKHpHlpr69KfdHjyxSmriSfYz+USnWPY7AufNIadK6MEJMx9ApD/oD OlTrorhX2lFEilmcO2RdNtjC5xDF9pCuTyYBB5bi6bQ4syoJ3g9WQ0ymaiLzg5KdCXlKLjvcW893 SUOqXwnz5DrgnHtJTxOsQfEKIT7DmDSUCaxw7Rqn8787ZsmRM9e2VmPeBN4uqYvTtW7jvijg9N/y JsXecLq0q+WD6m8AAAD//wMAUEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQA4/SH/1gAAAJQBAAALAAAAX3JlbHMvLnJl bHOkkMFqwzAMhu+DvYPRfXGawxijTi+j0GvpHsDYimMaW0Yy2fr2M4PBMnrbUb/Q94l/f/hMi1qR JVI2sOt6UJgd+ZiDgffL8ekFlFSbvV0oo4EbChzGx4f9GRdb25HMsYhqlCwG5lrLq9biZkxWOiqY 22YiTra2kYMu1l1tQD30/bPm3wwYN0x18gb45AdQl1tp5j/sFB2T0FQ7R0nTNEV3j6o9feQzro1i OWA14Fm+Q8a1a8+Bvu/d/dMb2JY5uiPbhG/ktn4cqGU/er3pcvwCAAD//wMAUEsDBBQABgAIAAAA IQC+WouNLgIAAFcEAAAOAAAAZHJzL2Uyb0RvYy54bWysVMGO2yAQvVfqPyDuie2sk9214qxWdtIe tu1Ku/0AAjhGxYCAxImq/nsH7KSb9lJV9QEPHubNm5mHlw/HTqIDt05oVeJsmmLEFdVMqF2Jv75u JncYOU8UI1IrXuITd/hh9f7dsjcFn+lWS8YtAhDlit6UuPXeFEniaMs74qbacAXORtuOeNjaXcIs 6QG9k8ksTRdJry0zVlPuHHytBydeRfym4dR/aRrHPZIlBm4+rjau27AmqyUpdpaYVtCRBvkHFh0R CpJeoGriCdpb8QdUJ6jVTjd+SnWX6KYRlMcaoJos/a2al5YYHmuB5jhzaZP7f7D08+HZIsFKnGOk SAcjevGWiF3r0aO1ukeVVgraqC3KQ7d64woIqtSzDfXSo3oxT5p+c0jpqiVqxyPr15MBqCxEJFch YeMM5Nz2nzSDM2TvdWzdsbEdaqQwH0NgAIf2oGOc1ekyK370iMLHbH6zuE1hpBR8eZ7PYypSBJQQ a6zzH7juUDBK7MaiLtUMGcjhyfnA8VdACFZ6I6SM2pAK9SW+n8/mkZLTUrDgDMec3W0radGBBHXF Z2RxdczqvWIRrOWErUfbEyEHG5JLFfCgNqAzWoN8vt+n9+u79V0+yWeL9SRP63ryuKnyyWKT3c7r m7qq6uxHoJblRSsY4yqwO0s5y/9OKuOlGkR4EfOlDck1euwXkD2/I+k45jDZQSNbzU7P9jx+UG88 PN60cD3e7sF++z9Y/QQAAP//AwBQSwMEFAAGAAgAAAAhACzPII7dAAAACQEAAA8AAABkcnMvZG93 bnJldi54bWxMj0FPwkAQhe8m/ofNkHiTLYJQarfEmGg8mCaA3pfu2Ba7s7W7tOXfO5zk+N58efNe uhltI3rsfO1IwWwagUAqnKmpVPC5f72PQfigyejGESo4o4dNdnuT6sS4gbbY70IpOIR8ohVUIbSJ lL6o0Go/dS0S375dZ3Vg2ZXSdHrgcNvIhyhaSqtr4g+VbvGlwuJnd7IKfml1/lrIPj7meVi+vX+U hPmg1N1kfH4CEXAM/zBc6nN1yLjTwZ3IeNGwflwtGFUwj2YgGJiv12wcLkYMMkvl9YLsDwAA//8D AFBLAQItABQABgAIAAAAIQC2gziS/gAAAOEBAAATAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABbQ29udGVudF9U eXBlc10ueG1sUEsBAi0AFAAGAAgAAAAhADj9If/WAAAAlAEAAAsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAALwEAAF9y ZWxzLy5yZWxzUEsBAi0AFAAGAAgAAAAhAL5ai40uAgAAVwQAAA4AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAALgIAAGRy cy9lMm9Eb2MueG1sUEsBAi0AFAAGAAgAAAAhACzPII7dAAAACQEAAA8AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAiAQA AGRycy9kb3ducmV2LnhtbFBLBQYAAAAABAAEAPMAAACSBQAAAAA= " style="position:absolute; left:0; text-align:left; margin-left:72px; margin-top:15px; width:95.45pt; height:.35pt; rotation:180; flip:y; z-index:251654656" type="#_x0000_t34"><v:shape adj="10795,28447200,-88634" id="Straight_x0020_Arrow_x0020_Connector_x0020_6" o:gfxdata="UEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQC2gziS/gAAAOEBAAATAAAAW0NvbnRlbnRfVHlwZXNdLnhtbJSRQU7DMBBF 90jcwfIWJU67QAgl6YK0S0CoHGBkTxKLZGx5TGhvj5O2G0SRWNoz/78nu9wcxkFMGNg6quQqL6RA 0s5Y6ir5vt9lD1JwBDIwOMJKHpHlpr69KfdHjyxSmriSfYz+USnWPY7AufNIadK6MEJMx9ApD/oD OlTrorhX2lFEilmcO2RdNtjC5xDF9pCuTyYBB5bi6bQ4syoJ3g9WQ0ymaiLzg5KdCXlKLjvcW893 SUOqXwnz5DrgnHtJTxOsQfEKIT7DmDSUCaxw7Rqn8787ZsmRM9e2VmPeBN4uqYvTtW7jvijg9N/y JsXecLq0q+WD6m8AAAD//wMAUEsDBBQABgAIAAAAIQA4/SH/1gAAAJQBAAALAAAAX3JlbHMvLnJl bHOkkMFqwzAMhu+DvYPRfXGawxijTi+j0GvpHsDYimMaW0Yy2fr2M4PBMnrbUb/Q94l/f/hMi1qR JVI2sOt6UJgd+ZiDgffL8ekFlFSbvV0oo4EbChzGx4f9GRdb25HMsYhqlCwG5lrLq9biZkxWOiqY 22YiTra2kYMu1l1tQD30/bPm3wwYN0x18gb45AdQl1tp5j/sFB2T0FQ7R0nTNEV3j6o9feQzro1i OWA14Fm+Q8a1a8+Bvu/d/dMb2JY5uiPbhG/ktn4cqGU/er3pcvwCAAD//wMAUEsDBBQABgAIAAAA IQB8I8lYLgIAAFcEAAAOAAAAZHJzL2Uyb0RvYy54bWysVMGO2yAQvVfqPyDuie2sk9214qxWdtIe tu1Ku/0AAjhGxYCAxImq/nsH7KSb9lJV9QEPHubNm5mHlw/HTqIDt05oVeJsmmLEFdVMqF2Jv75u JncYOU8UI1IrXuITd/hh9f7dsjcFn+lWS8YtAhDlit6UuPXeFEniaMs74qbacAXORtuOeNjaXcIs 6QG9k8ksTRdJry0zVlPuHHytBydeRfym4dR/aRrHPZIlBm4+rjau27AmqyUpdpaYVtCRBvkHFh0R CpJeoGriCdpb8QdUJ6jVTjd+SnWX6KYRlMcaoJos/a2al5YYHmuB5jhzaZP7f7D08+HZIsFKvMBI kQ5G9OItEbvWo0drdY8qrRS0UVu0CN3qjSsgqFLPNtRLj+rFPGn6zSGlq5aoHY+sX08GoLIQkVyF hI0zkHPbf9IMzpC917F1x8Z2qJHCfAyBARzag45xVqfLrPjRIwofs/nN4jaFkVLw5Xk+j6lIEVBC rLHOf+C6Q8EosRuLulQzZCCHJ+cDx18BIVjpjZAyakMq1Jf4fj6bR0pOS8GCMxxzdretpEUHEtQV n5HF1TGr94pFsJYTth5tT4QcbEguVcCD2oDOaA3y+X6f3q/v1nf5JJ8t1pM8revJ46bKJ4tNdjuv b+qqqrMfgVqWF61gjKvA7izlLP87qYyXahDhRcyXNiTX6LFfQPb8jqTjmMNkB41sNTs92/P4Qb3x 8HjTwvV4uwf77f9g9RMAAP//AwBQSwMEFAAGAAgAAAAhAJjTCbDdAAAACQEAAA8AAABkcnMvZG93 bnJldi54bWxMj09Pg0AQxe8mfofNmHizS6uUBlmaxkTjwZC06n3LjkDLzlJ2C/TbOz3paf69vPm9 bD3ZVgzY+8aRgvksAoFUOtNQpeDr8/VhBcIHTUa3jlDBBT2s89ubTKfGjbTFYRcqwSbkU62gDqFL pfRljVb7meuQ+PbjeqsDj30lTa9HNretXETRUlrdEH+odYcvNZbH3dkqOFFy+X6Sw+pQFGH59v5R ERajUvd30+YZRMAp/Inhis/okDPT3p3JeNEqiOcxZwkKFo9cWZDECTf76yIBmWfyf4L8FwAA//8D AFBLAQItABQABgAIAAAAIQC2gziS/gAAAOEBAAATAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABbQ29udGVudF9U eXBlc10ueG1sUEsBAi0AFAAGAAgAAAAhADj9If/WAAAAlAEAAAsAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAALwEAAF9y ZWxzLy5yZWxzUEsBAi0AFAAGAAgAAAAhAHwjyVguAgAAVwQAAA4AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAALgIAAGRy cy9lMm9Eb2MueG1sUEsBAi0AFAAGAAgAAAAhAJjTCbDdAAAACQEAAA8AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAiAQA AGRycy9kb3ducmV2LnhtbFBLBQYAAAAABAAEAPMAAACSBQAAAAA= " style="position:absolute; left:0; text-align:left; margin-left:272px; margin-top:15px; width:109.25pt; height:.35pt; rotation:180; flip:y; z-index:251655680" type="#_x0000_t34"> transfer Decoding: A lover who brings wine in the middle of the night; [Satisfies the heart of the poet; plays harps] and tells the story. Coding: Examining who is responsible for performing these functions in the destination culture. 5. Conclusion Al-Shahnameh, like any other translated text, was born in the context of culture. One of the influential components of culture in shaping Al-Shahnameh is the sexuality of the translator community. Bundari, when he wants to translate the word "مهربان", contrary to the common approach among translators, ignores the issue of value and replaces the word "مهربان" with "الغلام". The reason for this replacement is the pattern of sexual desire in the destination society. On the one hand, the translator chooses the word "الغلام" based on what Ferdowsi has said about "مهربان", and on the other hand, according to the pattern he has in mind of sexual practice. This word refers to boy that is, next to the feminine, object of masculine desire. The selection of "الغلام", in addition to accepting male homosexuality in the destination community, also indicates its preference; Because the text is free of signs that indicate a kind gender. The close connection between culture and translation helps us to understand the reason for the selection and placement of "الغلام"; but this is one side of the story; Because this substitution can help researchers in the field of sexuality to draw a true picture of the pattern of sexual desire in that period.
- دریافت فایل ارجاع :
- (پژوهیار, , , )
تحتاج دخول لعرض محتوى المقالة. إذا لم تكن عضوًا ، فتابع من الجزء الاشتراک.
إن كنت لا تقدر علی شراء الاشتراك عبرPayPal أو بطاقة VISA، الرجاء ارسال رقم هاتفك المحمول إلی مدير الموقع عبر
webmaster@noormags.com
.
You need Sign in to view the content of the article. If you are not a member, proceed from part Sign up.
If you fail to purchase subscription via PayPal or VISA Card, please send your mobile number to the Website Administrator via
webmaster@noormags.com
.