Theorizing about intercultural communications مقاله

خلاصه ماشینی:

We divide intergroup and intercultural theories into five groups that are not mutually exclusive: theories that focus on effective outcomes; theories that focus on accommodation and adaptation; theories that focus on identity management; theories that focus on communication networks; and theories that focus on adaptation and adjustment to new cultural environments. (See Table 1) For example, objectivists believe in a real world that has an external aspect to individuals, they seek regularity in behaviors, and they consider situations and environments to be the determining factor of communication. Applegate and Cipher consider complex messaging behavior (a function of the number of goals and situational factors included in the messages) as the basis for "person-centered" communication (which is related to the degree of congruence between individuals and their interaction partners). In contrast, members of collectivist cultures tend to use high-context messages in situations where maintaining in-group harmony is important, and communication takes place in an indirect manner (Gudykunst and Ting-Toomey, 1988). This includes relationships between groups in contact with each other and social norms related to contact (intercultural contact is one type of intergroup contact in Communication Accommodation Theory). In identity management theory, "interpersonal communication competence must include an individual's ability to successfully negotiate mutually acceptable identities in interactions" (p. The effective communication version of the Anxiety/Uncertainty Management theory (for example, Gudykunst, 1995) is written from the perspective of people who interact with strangers (for example, others who approach members of their own in-group).